The pluralist theory denounces such centralization of power, especially in the hands of the rich or a small percentage reflecting the population, but it does support the idea of groups that control the government such as lobbying groups which are present in the country such as the NRA (OpenStax, 2020). But because human beings tend to believe that other humans make decisions as they do, this may be the most difficult assumption for Westerners to overcome. Collectivism means that the needs of an individual are not emphasized as compared to those of the society and not until recently, most rights of Chinese citizens were not realized. Its just not liberal reform. The paper also highlighted citizen engagement in both countries, either through direct elections in the USA or through the CCP controlled nominations in China. Springer. Would you like to get this essay by email? Borner, S., Brunetti, A., & Weder, B. For example, in making the case for why it should be involved in the UKs 5G infrastructure rollout, Huawei styled itself the John Lewis of China, in reference to the well-known British department store that is regularly ranked as one of the UKs most trusted brands. Time is money, in other words. For international business management of doing business in a country like China, it can sometimes get hard since it is not possible to function liberally as in a democratic nation. The Trump administration, however, has focused on U.S. economic interests, putting the pursuit of hegemonistic benefits in a secondary position. Are you seeing a significant shift in supply chains out of China? The big difference is that in China the party, state, and army is led by one person. Economic and Political Differences: China VS. United States. Dictatorship, Gun Control: Legal, Psychology and Political Viewpoint, Difference Between Criminal and Civil Court System. The Stages of Strategic Crime Analysis Report. The legislative branch of the government is responsible for making laws through the Congress and House of Representatives, both of which hold elected officials that create legislation for their constituents while the Judicial branch of the government is responsible for upholding and interpreting these laws through the highest court in the land Supreme Court and High Courts which tend to follow their own state law. Today he is the CEO of PAG, a $40 billion private equity firm based in Hong Kong. By comparison, progress on these issues is for Western economies extremely slow. The technology war waged by the Trump administration forced China to develop critical technologies, such as semiconductor chips, for which it has relied on U.S. suppliers. But much of the technological progress has come from a highly innovative and well-funded military that has invested heavily in Chinas burgeoning new industries. From the U.S. perspective, upholding the banner of freedom and democracy no longer matters. Thats why ordinary Chinese people see Chinese companies such as Alibaba, Huawei, and TikTok as sources of national prideinternational vanguards of Chinese successrather than simply sources of jobs or GDP, as they might be viewed in the West. In the countryside life retained many of its traditional elements. Why do leaders in the West persist in getting China so wrong? China uses its particular authoritarian modeland its presumed legitimacyto build trust with its population in ways that would be considered highly intrusive in a liberal democracy. The highest court in China is the Supreme Peoples Court, which includes the Chief Justice and over 340 other judges, including 13 that are considered grand justices. While the U.S. political system is partly inspired by the British example, it differs in many important respects. In much Western analysis the verb most commonly attached to Chinas reforms is stalled. The truth is that political reform in China hasnt stalled. Yet they found common ground to work in mutually beneficial ways. That has huge implications for people seeking to do business in China. Eventually he came to the United States, where he earned a masters and a PhD at UC Berkeley, worked for the World Bank and J.P. Morgan, and taught at the Wharton School. In the years since, China has become an economic titan, a global leader in technology innovation, and a military superpower, all while tightening its authoritarian system of governmentand reinforcing a belief that the liberal narrative does not apply to China. This paper analyzed the different political structures of both countries and highlighted the stark differences between a democratic state and a communist state, but the analysis also provided one similarity, which was the elitist government structure that existed in both political structures. Lobbying groups have more of an influence on the government of the United States than the citizens themselves, which creates the question if the US is more pluralist or elitist, and the matter of the fact is that the US is not really a representative republic but rather a pluralist oligarchy. But in China the consumer applications have come faster, making more obvious the link between government investment and products and services that benefit individuals. One example is the reinvention in the late 2010s of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. Most ordinary people we meet dont feel that the authoritarian state is solely oppressive, although it can be that; for them it also provides opportunity. What has caused the frequent conflicts between the two countries? Leninism, however, is essentially a political doctrine; its primary aim is control. Political credibility and economic development. Many Chinese not only dont believe that democracy is necessary for economic success but do believe that their form of government is legitimate and effective. When life is (or has been within living memory) unpredictable, people tend to apply a higher discount rate to potential long-term outcomes than to short-term onesand a rate materially higher than the one applied by people living in more-stable societies. Chinas high-speed rail could cover the distance between Boston and Chicago in about four hours, whereas Amtraks fastest service takes 22 hours. And only the U.S. can threaten Americas economic supremacyby underinvesting in its own infrastructure and by limiting trade. This is a belief alien to many Western business executives, especially if theyve had experience with other authoritarian regimes. HBR: Chinas economy seems to be the healthiest in the world at the moment. Looking into the future, the path for China-U.S. cooperation will become more tortuous owing to the nationalist ideological struggle triggered by the coronavirus. There are, however, other forms of citizen engagement at a more local level when electing a township government, which can be done through public recommendation or public nomination ( (Cheng), 2011). (b) The national average SP of CO2 is 266.8 US dollars per ton, which is much higher than the carbon price in the emission trading system. Is it that Chinas development doesnt conform with the values of freedom and democracy, or that Chinas growing strength is a threat to U.S. hegemony? They dont know how capitalist China is. Does that create new investment opportunities? The geographic location of a country, its educational, political and legal systems plays a key role in the economic well-being of a country. Trumps trade war was an abject failure. . In a speech in 2000 former U.S. President Bill Clinton declared, By joining the WTO, China is not simply agreeing to import more of our products, it is agreeing to import one of democracys most cherished values: economic freedom. Its aggressive handling of Covid-19in sharp contrast to that of many Western countries with higher death rates and later, less-stringent lockdownshas, if anything, reinforced that view. The country itself remains so diverse that some minority groups even have their own autonomous administrative divisions which include regions, prefectures and counties. (2016). Yet as soon as that ideological cover is removed, internal contradictions immediately reveal themselves. That history also explains the paradox that the rulers and the ruled in China operate on very different time frames. By 2020 she was intent on seeing her seven-year-old grandson and infant granddaughter (a second child had only recently become legal) do well. We have both sat in meetings where business executives, particularly in the technology and pharmaceutical sectors, expressed surprise at Chinas insistence that they transfer ownership of their IP to a Chinese company. The task, in both China and the West, is to reduce the gap between the ideal of basic human rights and the reality. In fact, the Chinese word for the resolution of a conflict (jiejue) can imply a result in which one side overcomes the other, rather than one in which both sides are content. In Charting China's Future (pp. The geographic location factor is important since it dictates how well a country can be accessed to do business with and both China and United States have good locations since they are connected to water bodies. Consequently, inequality is greater in China than in the United States, measured by the Gini coefficient. Land use is the most direct manifestation of human activities, accompanied by changes in land cover. Much of Donald Trumps rhetoric and his actions on China were meant to deflect attention from his leadership failures at home, such as neglecting his duty to protect the public from the coronavirus. In 2019 that market reached $6 trillion, surpassing the U.S. level of $5.5 trillion. As well argue in the following pages, these assumptions reflect gaps in their knowledge about Chinas history, culture, and language that encourage them to draw persuasive but deeply flawed analogies between China and other countries. If the U.S. abandons the one-China policy and supports Taiwans independence, conflict will be inevitable, with unimaginable consequences for the world market. The Chinese can see this as crass and boastful, while in the United States, humility can be regarded as a sign of weakness. Although there are key historical and political differences between China's relationship to Taiwan and Russia's relationship to Ukraine, there are parallels, too, especially in the present . Some manufacturing has been relocated away from China since the trade war with the U.S. began in 2018, but that hasnt made a dent in either Chinas exports or Americas trade deficit. Chinas rulers see foreign engagement as a source less of opportunity than of threat, uncertainty, and even humiliation. A Chinese professor who has lived in both the US and China believes there is a core cultural difference leading to the country's diverging paths. Ambition like that cant be realized without state interventionrelatively fast and easy but often brutal in China. China is more corporatism, which is the organization of society by corporate groups such as military and agriculture, which can even be seen through its different selective assemblies and congresses. There are two political theories that are needed in the discussion, the elite and the pluralist theory. Unfortunately, you cant copy samples. China is a great example of a country undergoing a transition as not many years ago it used to practice socialism but now it has transitioned to a dynamic market making it have a second largest economy in the entire world overtaking many great nations. Photo by Charles Clegg [CC BY-SA 2.0] Capitalism's global victory has been achieved through two different types of capitalist systems: the liberal meritocratic capitalism that has developed incrementally in the West, and the state-led authoritarian capitalism that is exemplified by China. By the 1980s she was in the first generation to go back to university, and even took part in the Tiananmen Square demonstration. The top 10 American semiconductor chip makers sell about three times as much in China as in the United States. Accelerate your career with Harvard ManageMentor. Chinas rulers, therefore, see foreign engagement as a source less of opportunity than of threat, uncertainty, and even humiliation. Although many in the West may believe that China sees only opportunity in its 21st-century global plans, its motivation is very different. Even though the nominations are provided by the CCP, citizens can vote for their township and village elections, and in some places, there are direct elections. What are the dangers in Americas continued demonization of China? Similarities and Differences: US vs. China There are both very strikingly similarities and differences compared with their American counterparts in regards to culture and institutions. Chinas recent history means that Chinese people and the state approach decisions very differently from Westernersin both the time frames they use and the risks they worry about most. Comparision between US, UK, and China's Political Systems The United States Of America is a liberal democratic country, and the basic elements of democracy (majority rule, government by popular consent, one person one vote, and competitive elections, to name a few) are revered. The U.S. continues to vilify China, and China does itself no favors with its poor policy on human rights. China and the United States are one of the strongest economies in the world, and both nations are considered superpowers and have contributed significantly to global politics and culture. Some real differences between the two countries do exist, but they have historically managed them without escalating tensions. But over the next 30 years, thanks to policies aimed at developing the economy and increasing capital investment, China emerged as a global power, with the second-largest economy in the world and a burgeoning middle class eager to spend. It is a global leader in AI, biotech, and space exploration. When the United States formed its constitution, it specifically dictated the unalienable rights of every person. 13 Cultural Differences Between the U.S. and China Social Structure Confrontation/Conflict Self Face/Reputation Business Relations Morals Recognition of the Dead Humility Time Sensitivity Respect Multiculturalism Lack of Personal Space Respect for Elders 1. The Leninist nature of politics is also evidenced by the language used to discuss it. New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. China has stolen American jobs, the thinking goes, so we oppose China. After all, each is the others largest trading partner, and China has lent more than $1 trillion to the U.S. government by holding U.S. Treasury bills. When we first traveled to China, in the early 1990s, it was very different from what we see today. As the situation worsened, Trump had to rise and respond, only to find more problems revealing themselves hundreds of thousands of confirmed cases of infections awaiting treatment, medical equipment in short supply, the fatal consequences of the hollowing out U.S. industries. Second, the economic structure is different. The harsh reality of the pandemic has given rise to political competition with characteristics not seen before, sounding the alarm for future bilateral relations. As the author Yuval Noah Harari has pointed out, liberalism has had few competitors since the end of the Cold War, when both fascism and communism appeared defeated. The space for the two sides to compromise and collaborate has narrowed extremely rapidly. Doing business in emerging markets. Many people have wrongly assumed that political freedom would follow new economic freedoms in China and that its economic growth would have to be built on the same foundations as in the West. For instance, a business that wants to invest in China from the US, it must be prepared for more restrictions and should not expect Chines courts to consider the condition that leads to a certain situation since their law does not permit this. What's most ironic about this observation is that domestic American politics are nowadays focusing on the merits of diversity, yet its foreign policy is exclusively predicated on conformity. Accept that economic development in China will not inevitably lead to democracy; acknowledge that the Chinese regard their government as both legitimate and effective; and recognize that while Chinese consumers have short-term horizons, their rulers are focused on the countrys long-term security. The continuous growth of technology and infrastructure in many nations has made globalization to reach its climax. The US is surrounded by Mexico, Canada, the Pacific Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. However, there are usually lawful ways to get around that. Get a 100% original essay FROM A CERTIFIED WRITER! Shanghainese are up-to-date on the newest trends, whereas Beijingers prefer Qing Dynasty fashion. In China, the legal system "is based on civil laws" (Nolan, 2012). Chinas history continues to color its view of international relationsand in large part explains its current obsession with the inviolability of its sovereignty. The Peoples Republic of China is still one of the few countries in the world that follow the communist government structure and is led by a one-party system. Beijing ICP prepared NO.16065310-3, China vs. America: Political diversity vs. political conformity. First, China and the United States are at different stages of development. Chinas rapid economic growth is the result of its embrace of a market economy and private enterprise. Furthermore, it is important for nations to be flexible when it comes to global market system and change laws when necessary in order to attract investment and grow the economy like China did. The branches of the government are not only responsible for the laws of the land but are also responsible for ensuring free and fair elections and that the citizens of the country that they represent are being heard (USG, 2020). The critical distinction is that the Chinese system is not only Marxist, its Marxist-Leninist. A country that provides its citizen with education produces better minds that can bring in better business ideas to the economy. But at every point since 1949 the Chinese Communist Partycentral to the institutions, society, and daily experiences that shape all Chinese peoplehas stressed the importance of Chinese history and of Marxist-Leninist doctrine. It will take years if not decades for China to catch up in some areas, at great cost. 55-64). ChatGPT has become a sensation since its public release in November, with its ability to produce plausible responses to text prompts, including requests to write essays. Sage. Considering that China adopted the system of the dynamic market much later than other nations, it has done remarkably well to have such a positive impact on its economy. The city of Rongcheng, for example, uses big data (available to the government through surveillance and other data-capturing infrastructure) to give people individualized social credit scores. These are used to reward or punish citizens according to their political and financial virtues or vices. Obviously the ideology of nationalist identification under the pandemic has greatly roughened the political landscape for China and the U.S. HBR Learnings online leadership training helps you hone your skills with courses like Global Collaboration. Editor's note: Andrew Korybko is a Moscow-based American political analyst. Today its traded on the New York Stock Exchange with a market cap of about $45 billion and has more than 800 million unique active users. Hence the old joke that Chinas definition of a win-win scenario is one in which China wins twice. Its monetary policy is reasonably tight, with the yield on government bonds about 3.5 times that on U.S. Treasuries. At 22,000 miles, it is twice as long as the rest of the worlds combined. Part of the systems legitimacy in the eyes of the Chinese is, again, rooted in history: China has often had to fight off invaders and, as is rarely acknowledged in the West, fought essentially alone against Japan from 1937 until 1941, when the U.S. entered World War II. One thing hasnt changed, though: Many Western politicians and business executives still dont get China. They make three plausible but false assumptions: Democracy is an inevitable consequence of economic development; authoritarian regimes are never seen as legitimate; and the Chinese think, behave, and invest much like anyone in the West. Even in Beijing many people wore Mao suits and cycled everywhere; only senior Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials used cars. Routledge. He believes Chinese people are fixated on. Countries with command economic systems are now changing their laws to become democratic and allow free-enterprise after realizing benefits it can bring in (Cavusgil, Ghauri & Akcal, 2012). The economic nationalism model that ultimately serves U.S. economic interests. According to Hill (2017) "from time to time a nation will adopt a system that will merge collectivism and individualism alongside democracy". (2016). Our response? Hence, we need to understand, compare, and learn from leading values in China's political culture. In Canada, it is a . 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