This castle became the headquarters for a network of Hashshashin forts stretching across modern Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon. Most important of all was the Czech soldier Jan Kubi. One of the most important of such agents was Juval Aviv. What we know is that many high ranking members of terrorist organizations were killed in the operation. So he set up squads of young assassins that were sent beyond enemy lines into former German-held territories to erode the Allies authority. Membership now numbered around 2500 people, consisting of government officials, intellectuals, and ordinary Serbians. They also began to take out critical official targets in Allied-held towns. In battle he also commanded samurai warriors, and was a famously good swordsman himself. Cambridge University Press. Danzo was beheaded in 1569. In Japan, these bands of covert operatives were known as Shinobi from the Japanese to to steal away or to hide. The shinobi or Ninja may have originated in China, as their mode of operation was similar to that of Chinese assassins described by Sun Tzu in his Art of War. Characters with Real-Life Memorials. They were widely feared at the time and certainly seemed to live up to their name. One of the most popular myths of the order was spread from the Crusaders who named their leader Vetus de Montanis". The assassinations achieved little and Allied forces discovered the weapons caches before the Werwolves could put them to use. The Sicarii - which may be translated as daggermen from the Latin - were a group of Jewish zealots who lived during the 1 st century AD. The gardens would be full of beautiful dark-eyed girls, fountains of honey, milk and wine and everything else the religion promised to the believers. However, most elite Ninja groups were raised and trained in families. Either way, Katos reputation eventually caught the attention of Uesugi Kenshin, who decided to test the ninjas abilities. Retrieved 18 November 2016. The Enemy Within: A History of Espionage . 13). This meant the Vishakanya could administer poison directly, perhaps even tasting it themselves to divert suspicion before and after the kill. (Magnus Manske / Public Domain ). So in 1942 the British government sent a team of assassins to eliminate him. Holy Terror: The Rise of the Order of Assassins. After saving the life of Japans ruler, he retired as a vastly wealthy man. However, at first, it seemed the assassination would fail as the assassins initially failed to carry out their mission. The Union of Death or the Black Hand gang formed in 1911 with the single purpose of liberating and unifying Serbia. The vishkanya, deadly and beautiful assassins, were developed in ancient India to end the conflict between kings without widespread violence. This way, they could share the tainted feasts with their targets, safe because of their immunity. Meanwhile, the remaining Sicarii held Masada, and there they stayed until the Romans retook the fortress in 73AD. The band searched the house for their target, managing to avoid killing all but fourteen retainers during the search Eventually, they cornered Kira and beheaded him after he refused to kill himself. Hattori Hanzo is probably the most famous ninja of all. The men were left leaderless when their Daimyo Asano Naganori was forced to kill himself after assaulting a court official, Kira Yoshinaka who had insulted him. This practice, known as Mithridatism was designed to render the future assassin immune to the poison they would use on their targets. A cult of ancient assassins called the Thuggees (which is Sanskrit for concealment) were a gang of assassins operating in India between the 13th and 19th Centuries. 12.Hector: A Trojan Prince from the movie 'Troy'. Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, Alleged Sighting of the Mythical Manananggal in the Philippines Causes Public Anxiety, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, Aluxes: The Mischievous Little People of Maya Mythology, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire, Medieval Hygiene Might Have Been Better Than You Think, New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC. But soon her father was murdered by a warlord called Sun Chuanfang. (Hiart / Public Domain ). Each Hashshashin knew that his death would follow a hit. Working together with Hattori Hanzo, Sukesada and his 80 Koga ninjas infiltrated the castle, set its towers on fire, and killed 200 of the garrison, including the general. Their ability to stay hidden and undetected also made them perfect candidates to conduct espionage and assassins were sometimes hired with the sole intention of spying on and not killing or harming a target. Mochizuki Chiyome is quite possibly the most famous kunoichi (female ninja) of all. However, in the world of assassins, women should not be forgotten, and a special order of ninjas called kunoichi were particularly formidable assassins. In all probability, the girls administered the poison in other ways, using alcohol or food as a carrier. [Online] Available at: http://www.historynet.com/holy-terror-the-rise-of-the-order-of-assassins.htmHatsumi, Masaaki. In the year 1050 in the city of Kum, Hassan al Sabbah, the future leader of the assassins is born and raised in a family of Shiites. The training of a Vishakanya began as a child. 1. Due to the rather secretive nature of ninjas, very few official records of them were kept, and a lot of them are steeped in myth and legend (weve told you about those myths before). Firstly, the Sicarii tried to bully the people of Jerusalem into fighting the Romans by destroying food supplies within the city. But at the time some saw him as a controversial figure. She poisoned him, but it only seemed to have made him violently ill. A two-handed sword said to emit rainbow-like arcs when swung. Hello, my name is Eric C. Riley and I am an aspiring writer whos half Japanese and grew up in Japan. Under his leadership, the Iga ninjas became the palace guard of the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo castle, eventually becoming the shogunates covert agency under the name Oniwabanshu. The Hashshashin had pledged loyalty to the Khan. In other words, forming it from elite soldiers with a special attachment to each other created a more dedicated, coherent fighting force. 10 The Vishkanyas. The year is 1090. In 1972 a group of Israeli athletes were held hostage by terrorists in the Olympic village in Germany. In time he madness grew an he became the first emperor to actually fight in the Colosseum. Although some took up other careers in commerce and farming, others became mercenaries. Or, were the Romans protecting something even more valuable than silver? Unique Publications. ( Fotokitas / Adobe). Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old! One of the most popular myths of the order was spread from the Crusaders who named their leader Vetus de Montanis. Poisoners, zealots, revolutionaries, outcasts, and warrior-assassins have been around since the beginning of time. They also learned unarmed combat, including how to strangle a target with a piece of string. The Gorgons'. The Mongols destroyed Alamat and paraded the defeated Hashshashin leader at each of his subordinate fortresses. Shingen approached Chiyome and gave her a mission to recruit women and train them as an underground network of female espionage operatives. In their disguises, they were able to enter the Yoshinaka mansion and familiarize themselves with the layout. Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. Marco Polo and others circulated lurid legends about the Assassins, including claims that the fedayeen were in thrall to the Old Man of the Mountain, a successor of Hassan who was rumored to use. The name Sicarii is the plural of the Latin Sicarius or dagger man. Because of the Jewish assassins, the term also later became synonymous with an assassin or murderer. Marco Polo claimed it came from Hashishi, or the Hashish users as the Hashshashin reputedly used the drug before committing their murders. The Trojan War is the most famous conflict in all the Greek legends, and giving it the Total War treatment visualizes the tale in an unprecedented way. Ronin means wandering man or vagrant. It refers to Samurai left without a daimyo or overlord to represent. The Sicarii also indulged in kidnap, their targets being the Jewish priests and wealthy elite who most obviously supported Roman rule. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. He was a vassal and samurai in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu, and was a major driving force in Ieyasu becoming the shogun and ruler of all Japan. Franz Ferdinand was visiting Sarajevo in June of that year. They also included women. The caste system in India is still influential even today, and in the past its rules and classes were even more ironclad. When things would get difficult for him, he would just move to another of his houses and assume a different identity. Warfare has traditionally been left to men and as a result most great warriors and generals have been men. She is also famous for killing two centaurs, Hylaeus and Rhoecus, who attempted to rape her. Luring police officers and local officials to her bed, she would turn on them as soon as possible. Greek army units usually separated male lovers. The numbers of masterless fighters swelled. In order to ensure the deed will be completed, the conspirators strangled him to death in his bathtub. Then Menahem alienated rebels and civilians alike by claiming to be the Messiah. In the late sixteenth century, the warlord Oda Nobunaga curtailed Ninja activities. By 1094, Hassan al Sabbah who has preached the Fatimid teachings across the Seljuk dominions in Persia is now considered the undisputed leader of the Persian Ismailis and their state will soon possess over 40 fortresses in Persian lands and many more will be held by the Syrian Nizaris in the politically fragmented Syria. The Taiheiki: A Chronicle of Medieval Japan . Fuma Kotaro was an army leader and ninja jonin (ninja leader) of the Hojo clan based in Sagami Province. The Travels of Marco Polo . Aeneas led the survivors of the Trojan War to Italy, where he gained a starring role in Roman mythology. Considered one of the most famous heroines of Greek mythology, Atalanta was a renowned and swift-footed huntress. Legends surrounding the training of the Fidayin suggest they may have been plied with cannabis when they first joined the Hashashins, though this is likely down to travelers such as Marco Polo misinterpreting the name Hashashins as being linked to the use of hashish. Being able to turn propaganda to their advantage was typical of groups of people who were master manipulators, and a very clever tactic to employ. These families lived in independent territories, they ruled without an overlord. The Arthashastra recommended that the Emperor needed to maintain a network of agents to monitor and manipulate his enemies. The word assassinate today means to kill an important figure for political reasons, but the assassins of the past did not always resort to killing to get their point across. The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam . the world-famous sword in the stone. Despite how little we know about his life, however, Nagato did in fact leave behind an important legacy: His descendants would eventually compile the ninjutsu knowledge he left behind to create the Bansenshukai. The Order of the Assassins will manage to establish and consolidate their own state, the Nizari state, in the Arab Caliphate covering lands from Persia through Syria, where they will reign for 166 years until their fall because of Mongols attacks in the winter of 1256. Goshiki-Mai. Poison was probably the easiest weapon to hide for use in an assassination, as it was particularly easy to conceal. The Fuma clan is unique among ninjas in that it developed independently from the Iga and Koga in service to the Hojo clan in Odawara. Espionage was something that other groups would often refuse to do, for example samurais felt that espionage was beneath them which meant people would hire ninjas instead. Sigurd. Usually for money, there are always some people willing to take lives. The name assassin comes from the order of the Hashashins, the group that slipped Saladin some less than hospitable scones. But in the mid-thirteenth century, this was tested when Mongke Khan, Genghiss grandson, decided to invade Islamic Bagdad. GOOD takes a look at the 15 most infamous assassinations in history. These measures were essential as the gangs campaign of terror was in full swing, and they could not afford to have it brought down. The Hashshashin usually chose their targets from the Sunni political hierarchy. Fellow mobsters used to call him the "the one-man army" and "the devil himself". This is a list of fictional assassins and bounty hunters . The reconnaissance group then summoned the rest of the band, and the Forty Seven Ronin struck. Hattori Hanzo is probably the most famous ninja of all. His tricks included swallowing a bull in front of crowds, causing seeds to sprout and flower the instant they were thrown, and even flyinggiving him the nickname Tobi Kato (flying Kato). Although a minor character in Homer's Iliad, Aeneas' story was worthy of his own epic, the Aeneid, by the Roman poet Virgil. William is regarded as the founding father of his country, and is widely respected. Warriors of Medieval Japan . This was the reason his life was spared on condition of declaring loyalty to Hideyoshi. Harmodius and Aristogeiton. The Hashashins, a group of assassins formed in Persia and Syria, were so feared that when they left a warning note and a calling card, such as scones made in the characteristic Hashashin way, it was often enough to persuade someone to do what they were told. Yet, as the archduke began the return leg of his journey through Sarajevo, Princep killed both him and the Archduchess. The Theban Commander Gorgidas installed the group initially as a special guard for the Theban citadel. McCullough, H.C. 2004. Other than that, not much is known about him. This incident is narrated in detail in the Mikawa Go Fudoki. He has been a guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five time published author. King of the Assassins: How History's Infamous Killer Cult Survives under a Playboy Prince of Peace. In the year of 1175, it is believed that the Assassins were after the life of Saladin himself, the Sultan of the Saracens. The Ronin kept the residence of Kira under surveillance. In 1590, the Hojo were defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the Fuma were reduced to common bandits. Once the effect of the drug wore off the boys would think that they have been in heaven and would follow the leader to the death, believing all it to be truth. The Shia could not hope to overthrow their rival faction in open battle- so they adopted covert means. The Werwolves were just too little too late. These agents were not just men. As part of the operation, Yazaemon and two other ninjas fired at Nobunaga while he was inspecting the aftermath of his invasion. If anybody is curious, some of the stuff Ive written can be read at ecriley.hubpages.com. The Koga assassins were sent into the castle every night to report on weak spots, also raiding the castles provisions and sabotaging the defenses. Ninjas: those silent, stealthy spies and assassins of Japans Sengoku era have captured the minds of people all over the globe. Then one day in 1882, Robert Ford shot Jesse James dead while his back was turned. When she was born, she was left on a mountaintop to die, but a she-bear suckled and cared for her until hunters found and raised her. They destroyed the temple and dispersed the Jews. [Online] Available at: https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=GU7uAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=yJ.T.O. Ashor the King Killer and Priest Savior. 10. 36 sneaky facts about Ninjas, Japans hidden warriors . The truth behind these ancient groups of assassins is often clouded in mystery their activities were clandestine and discussing their work was often considered taboo but the surviving information about assassins provides some fascinating information about the roles they played in ancient society and the tactics they were willing to employ. The Sword of Peleus, father of Achilles is a legendary weapon featured in ancient Greek mythology. Some killed for their beliefs or country while others did it for the money. The most famous band of Ronin were the Forty-seven Loyal Ronin who in the eighteenth century banded together to seek vengeance against the killer of their master. Although this is a list of real life ninjas, it is very much debatable whether or not some of them truly were ninjas and, in some cases, whether they actually existed at all. Apis had learned that the Archduke Franz Ferdinand was planning to offer concessions to the Serbs. The land surrounding the fortress was utilized more efficiently to provide rations, and a renowned library with rare books and astronomical instruments was constructed. The modern name for covert killers assassin takes its name from this Islamic sect, which operated between the eleventh and thirteenth century AD. The Sicarii intended to expel the Romans and their Assassinations have existed for a very long time in the history of human civilization. After Hanzos death in 1596, his successor would take the name Hattori Hanzo for himself, a practice which became a tradition of the Iga leaders and perpetuated a myth that Hattori Hanzo was immortal. It was the Crusaders who carried the name assassin back to Europe. The intricate network of treaties between the various European states meant that more and more countries were drawn into the conflict, resulting in a war that went far beyond the Balkans: the First World War. 12 people were killed by the terrorist kidnappers, shocking the world. Then, many daimyos lost their territory meaning they could not keep their Samurai. Because he started world war one. (Daderot / Public Domain ) 6.Some Assassins Inherited Their Role Many girls did not survive the training, as they could not withstand preparatory dosage. Born in 1558, Ishikawa Goemon was an outlaw who stole from the rich and gave to the poorJapans version of Robin Hood. She bears a name that means 'all-gifts,' which was created as an ideal. Time Travelers. Fictional Journalists & Reporters. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. During the second world war, Czechoslovakia was under the control of a brutal Nazi official called Reinhard Heydrich. So after the assassination, a terrible wave of revenge killings was unleashed on Czechoslovakia. They were buried at the Sengakuji temple in Tokyo. The term mythology comes from the Greek words mythos ("story of the people") and logos ("word") and so is defined as the spoken (later written) story of a culture.Modern scholars have divided myths into different types which serve many different cultural purposes. Caladgolg: The legendary sword of Fergus mac Rich in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology. However, Hulagu promised clemency- if the Hashshashins leader surrendered himself. Jonin Fuma Kotaro was the clans fifth generation leader and their most famous. Additionally, some myths attribute symbolic importance to the idea of the tree and the presence of the divineessentially, the symbol of God above a lotus shows how the divine can overcome the material world. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. Quora Is It Possible That Vishkanyas, The Poisonous Maiden Assassins, Actually Existed? Supposedly he was caught after a failed assassination attempt on Toyotomi Hideyoshi and was publicly boiled alive in 1594. The groups first notable killing was the High Priest, Jonathan. When it comes to legends, none is quite as moviesque as that of the Hashshashins, who in the Middle Ages inspired fear in the hearts of leaders in the Middle East. However, the discord and disunity fermenting in the city weakened Jewish unity and helped the Romans to retake Jerusalem in 70 AD. Together they decided to assassinate Commodus. According to legend, Fujibayashi Nagato was one of the three greatest jonin of the Iga, along with Momochi Sandayu and Hattori Hanzo. Hattori Hanz was a master ninja, commanding a force of 300 ninja assassins. Eleazar executed him to limit the damage. It got to the point where he was murdered by his mistress, Marcia Aurelia Ceionia Demetrias. History of Yesterday Why Did the Black Hand of Serbia Want to Kill Franz Ferdinand? The female kunoichi ninjas, ancient assassins, would sharpen their kanzashi hair pins to use as a weapon. To Ancient Athenians the names Harmodius and Aristogeiton would have been equally well known, and their exploits as assassins and lovers were recounted in several ancient texts. His most famous act came in 1582: When Oda Nobunaga was killed following the betrayal by one of his vassals, Akechi Mitsuhide, Tokugawa Ieyasu was suddenly thrust into a highly dangerous position in close proximity to Mitsuhide. Himmler recruited them from 5,000 elite volunteers from the Hitler Youth and the Waffen SS. He was apparently a master with the Tanegashima arquebus, a type of matchlock rifle: The fact that the arquebus was his weapon of choice would suggest that Yazaemon was an expert with explosives and specialized in teppo-jutsu, a sub category of katon-nojutsu, or fire techniques. They were taught to make makeshift explosives, create diversions with arson and move with stealth. Some myths claim that there is a lotus tree at the right hand of God in heaven. 2012. As a result of this, they acted before the appointed time, thus ruining their initial plan. Members were organized in isolated cells of only 3-5 members to protect the overall structure of the organization, and all swore oaths to kill- and be killed for their cause. Osprey Publishing. In the Sicariis case, the aim was to drive out all Romans and Jewish collaborators from Judea. He was then decapitated and his severed head paraded before a crowd. It was he who threw a bomb that severely wounded Heydrich. As for the historical Kirigakure, according to historical records, an Iga ninja called Kirigakure Saizo (believed to be an alias used by another man named Kirigakure Shikaemon) once attempted an assassination against Toyotomi Hideyoshi by thrusting a spear through the floor beneath him. The Old Man of the Mountain . According to the story, he was killed in Tyre by two assassins, while he was traveling home after he had visited Bishop Fillip of Bov. Gray, J. M. 2010. If this had gone ahead, the Black Hand Gangs much longed for Serbian revolution would not occur. Fictional Princes. Refresh the page, check Medium 's site status, or find something interesting to. Tomo Sukesada was a jonin (master ninja) of the Koga and the head of the Tomo Ryu tradition. "The 10 Greatest Bounty Hunters 'Star Wars' Has Ever Seen". After nearly two years, they were satisfied that they had enough information and made sufficient plans to strike. However, many Samurai also chose to become Ronin as a form of resistance against the Tokugawa shogunate. The entire unit was wiped out and buried under a gigantic statue of a lion. The Jewish Sicarii predate them and were most active in the 60s AD. The Walls of Benin: Four Times Longer Than The Great Wall of China! This is due to his disregard for the well-being of his fellow gods. Then there was the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, leaving a permanent psychological scar on American politics. Motive: Godse was angry . Ancient assassins known as Thuggees worked as a team. He and his successors will manage to hold the fortresses and their state under the vicious attacks of the Seljuk, who did not succeed in destroying the group. 03.18.10. The first ever political assassination conducted by the order was that of the great Vizier Nizam alMulk in 1092, who was the vizier for the Seljuk sultans for over 30 years. (Daderot/ Public Domain ). The Thuggees have been called the worlds first Mafia and it is believed they were responsible for around 2000,000 deaths. Thats one year for each of her victims. Throughout the history of civilization, the concept of the apocalypse has been ever present, in one way or another. Among the separatist rebels was the assassin Idoia Lpez Riao, who used her womanly ways to seduce her victims. Fictional Rock Stars. Army officers, headed by Colonel Dragutin Apis Dimitrijevic, formed the gang but by 1914, its ranks had swelled. Ancient Chinese Earthquake Detector Invented 2,000 Years Ago Really Worked! Myths serve to explain the origin of the world, how various aspects of that world operate and why, the meaning of suffering . Balthasar Grard is one of the least known, though greatest assassins from history. Ninja needed to learn how to camouflage themselves in different environments and move swiftly and quietly. [Online] Available at: https://www.factinate.com/things/facts-about-ninjas/Crowdy, T. 2006. During the night, Kotaro and his men covertly infiltrated the Takeda camp and caused so much disruption and chaos that Takeda men started killing each other in the confusion. This was enough to convince Balthasar Grard who was also a rigid catholic. The Horsemen of Oyo were legendary warriors who served the Oyo Empire of West Africa. Trotsky was actually able to overpower Mercader, restraining him until authorities arrived. If the gang assassinated him, a war would break out between Serbia and Austria. People knew of and feared the ninja, and Hattori Hanz could have almost anyone killed in the dead of night, if he so wanted. Growing up in Inga, Hanzo first distinguished himself in battles throughout the 1570s. Though remembered by history as a coward, Robert Ford was a very influential figure of the old west. Whether you think he acted alone, with an accomplice, or was framed by the Government, youve probably heard of Lee Harvey Oswald the man credited with assassinating President John F Kennedy. Some historians such as Stephen Turnbull maintain that the Ninja were recruited from the lower classes or rejected samurai. After learning the route of the archdukes motorcade, the operatives were distributed along its route so that at least one of them would succeed. Ultimately, Danzo defected to Kenshins rival, Takeda Shingen, but this proved to be costly when Shingen suspected that he was a double agent and ordered that he be killed. The name Visha Kanya comes from the Sanskrit for poison girl or poison damsel a literal description of the role of the Visha Kanya who were female assassins who killed with poison. Ancient Assassins used various forms of secret codes. Named after . As the vendetta was illegal but governed by honor, they were allowed to commit suicide. And so Ramn Mercader became a spy. Assassins needed to be discreet, and this meant they were not always able to carry traditional weaponry with them. In fact, the word "assassin" is said to have originated with the Hashshashin. After it was captured by the Hashashins, the fortress was vastly improved upon. Rather than working alone as many ancient assassins did, Thuggees attacked as a group with each member of the gang playing a different role such as look-out. Perhaps the Hashshashin were most famous for the way they got rid of their opponents - through highly-skilled assassinations. After they had gained access to their target, they dispatched them just as ruthlessly as their male counterparts and had no qualms utilizing the famed throwing stars and katanas we associate with ninjas today. By 1237, all of Persia- except for the Hashshashins fortresses- was in the hands of the Mongols. Other assassins were very much part of society. Burke, M. 2019. Often they executed their victims. Born at the end of the Chinese empire, Shi Jianqiao was the daughter of a military officer. But when she found the list, Marcia conspired with a few senators also on the list. The Hashshashin assassins of the late 11th century were the original assassins, . He was a leading agent who took part in a major operation to assassinate enemies of Israel in the 1970s. According to Plutarch, this was because since the lovers, ashamed to be base in sight of their beloved, and the beloved before their lovers, willingly rush into danger for the relief of one another. (Life of Pelopidas). He shot Prince William twice. researchers believe that he mustve been a master of hypnosis, even though there is nothing to verify this. Ninja also carried out covert killings. Other assassins were able to modify simple tools such as farm equipment, so it would go undetected but be much more effective. Was this German silver mine really defended by two Roman forts and a line of "spike defenses? By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. Impressed, Kenshin brought Danzo into his service, but Danzo eventually became unwelcome, either because Kanetsugu was plotting against him or because Kenshin had grown suspicious of him. All were specialized killers, trained to take out specific religious or political targets quickly and cleanly without widespread bloodshed. Mid-Thirteenth century, the term also later became synonymous with an famous assassins in mythology or murderer a five published! Present, in one way or another were sent beyond enemy lines into former German-held famous assassins in mythology! Some saw him as a child Ronin kept the residence of Kira under surveillance and ordinary Serbians targets, because. 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Perhaps even tasting it famous assassins in mythology to divert suspicion before and after the assassination of Lincoln...
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