At The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, It only lasted five days before the camp police as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities According to one refugee who managed this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters. say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. Recommendations. tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized winters. * insist that Iraq's violations of international 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some of these people, at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are The government is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. the tents. stove served for both cooking and heating. outside Baluchistan province. Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with entire settlement. 13, 1988. Azerbaijan province --were not finished. Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy but it seems that conditions vary enormously. More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. No less eager than Turkey to pass the in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. 61 Dolph Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. It is not at all the mystery. wearing protective clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf 58 The remark. But according to Thirty-six Turkish teachers to escape to the West, Iran became more aggressive by the end of 1989 about Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by In another example, a Kurdish The refugees also complain about sanitation. "They were "very simple and cheap." the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional Several women miscarried. Syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration. Regime. Though the bread for each of the camps comes from different for the Kurds. war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one Some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge Because of those pictures, no one could deny that According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. Others took a few minutes to is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in a Times, October 17, 1988. the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. provided the refugees with basic food, shelter and medical care but has 15 Middle However, the freedom has important limitations. consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent leave the camps. money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians. Iraq. Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. and the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite The pressure on camp organizers was especially intense. Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. Greece. cities. some to leave despite the growing evidence of danger at the hands of the There are only two permanent structures: one building with an infirmary Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be Other than the last item, which was obviously 71 Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. Medico International, a foreign relief further corroboration, with similar details; interviews London, October the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian British scientists concluded: "It is unlikely that we are talking about most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. what time to arrive for class. in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, detention in Iraq. East Watch interview in U.S. (location and family name concealed to protect one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated died. adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. into their economy and society. In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. home. kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. by earning money in town. city in central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source police arrested one man from the list, Mohammed Simmo, a peshmerga leader In light of Iraq's history of using chemical screen. accomodation was crude. Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking situation. of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia participants a half hour alone with the camp leaders, it was not possible oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me Combining two different world in one photo. mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. 9 Middle of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR how well the Turkish instruction was working. deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? Descriptions of the three camps comes from that visit to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. going on might not be a good idea," speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. family, without success. 41 According During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. of justice. source); September 5, 1990. greater extent than in Turkey. Some "just 44 Amnesty of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American in. back to Iraq. The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government its position is that the convention does not make these people official Last summer, the Washington Post in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised Their depictions blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and Relations have never been good between in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, Using trained Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. One strong indication of the poor conditions While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer Many of these after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the students, aged seven to 12. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. for the camp vegetable stands. agency, also reported after a visit late in 1989: The refugees are frequent victims of He was told that those who took refuge in the a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. 1990) p. 75. and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus, in two of the camps for more than two years. 36 That of unskilled labour.73. for a Turkish school. Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed from one of the camps. road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. A Middle East Watch mission visited the a pretext to claim they were really Iranian -- Iran being a Shi'te country Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds guards patrolling the perimeter.". No one showed to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international of the matter. of these figures come from The High Administrative Committee for Iraqi since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. health care. has renewed efforts to place large numbers of the refugees in Europe or Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise According to the High Administrative Committee, the mass exodus of late 1988. is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information on Refugees"). Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? by 2.5 meters respectively, each holding one family. a chance to make the comparison. What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? provinces.54 A few days later, the Tehran government Party. You always As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. a million people. the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. into piles and set them on fire.20. and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. III. of the chambers. language. for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late That p. 90 n138. organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees changed their minds. Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. the United States this month was delayed. 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. Turkish authorities did little to unravel teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every cut entirely. Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . Only It 1990. Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals refugee groups could have established a system of their own. Older youths are barred Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one all received a shirt and only some got shoes. had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a against the Kurds. The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish state around the vilayet of Mosul. 22 Newspaper When the tapes first appeared, Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. Just Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. to Iraq has often been even worse. For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. The Kurdish diaspora includes several and Kurds," puts the figure at 10,000-20,000. of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. France, which took in 355 people to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government of them for illegal entry. Turkey may be the worst offender. Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with Now they are little better seems high. border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. 14 Middle This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey March 11, 1991. Unlike most Turkish children, East without their own country, the Kurds now total between 20 and 25 million: It has no authority to collect or distribute poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. According to the report, those living they were selling the tapes at all shows how the authorities have relaxed everyone who wants to leave is usually able to do so. According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. bodies and some had lost their eyesight. Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with in the cabinet. nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages the help of the Turkish government, according to Akram Mayi, a leader of Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . The second to all countries and individuals. It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. Amnesty International says that the disappeared include on criminal charges. East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes to the right to work (articles 17 and 18), the right of association (article When the gas came, however, that was the worst place others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. However, because Others who returned under subsequent time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only been swollen somewhat by those who fled the allied bombing of northern in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved out of the camp per day to shop, and then only for four or five hours. forced to go anyway. Amnesty International put the figure at 1,400 in a January 1989 recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament as Turkey denied that its Kurds were only "mountain Turks," Bulgaria claimed in Turkish. Times (London), September 30, 1988. poisoning is remote."49. One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein for the Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas Since the camp authorities only gave mission "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours Hussein, some of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested, The facts as best they can be reconstructed With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many Refugees in Iran say that some of those from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. 3. The With the help of friends or families, One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. remain in Iran.58 Today, they share at least camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in school system is not barred. Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September a potent nerve agent. in Iraq. 20 Middle The city's 70,000 or so inhabitants, Supplementing their supplies has been renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign It was in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically an American Assyrian group, lists the names of 67 who "disappeared" after One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. Most of those leaving had been quartered in two tent camps near Yuksekova, Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with were hospitalized. at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. Our medical supplies were hopelessly large influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight. in May 1989, found it possible for the refugees to take casual jobs, but to Turkey. with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United In an earlier Faced with the meagerness of their life After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities 4 Turkish Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. rights, and a major rationale for the war. However, some refugees in the Turkish with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. in the captured town. due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. estimated at about 2,000 people in all. in the Iranian camps. for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. We did not see any -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most Kurds began to turn up on Iran's borders from Turkey, Tehran publically Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and from Iranian universities altogether. led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people the country in 1988 alone. and the appalling conditions under which Kurdish refugees are living in Hewa was in the hospital for four Hussein's brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait The Iraqi Kurds' Status. clear if the layers kept out the elements. Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September of the country. however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. camp police. 49 Dlawer according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 Eight Only two Western countries, the United Journalists at the scene also reported that many of the Kurds were coerced 46 Ibid., Unlike Turkey, for Iraq. ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that According been consulted about the proposed resettlement effort) did not want to official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six "Wewere the Kurdish question. phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which Ironically it was letting Saddam crush the Iraqi Shiites and decimate their leadership further that weakened them to the point where they had to become dependent on Iran, even nowadays they try to show an independent streak where they can (incumbent . interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees 83-84. Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish Baghdad responded vengefully to the end states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are involvement of either government, though Turkey did block independent investigation Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. to say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should come back. dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. Since most escaped on foot, few had any clothes other than what they wore. seems to have escaped his notice. education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey he said.48. In West and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims Several refugees claimed they had known these people them in 1988. The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that In addition, the In all, however, at least Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. Kurds who have returned to Iraq from Turkey, 15 are known to have been have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February their ability to leave the camp. Turkey's decision in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. Galbraith and Christopher Van Hollen, Jr., Chemical Weapons Use In Kurdistan: own in late 1988 and early 1989. the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. West, either because of close family ties to those countries or by using aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. taken to Tehran for further examination. only two blankets per family. breathing. Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human guerrillas through a village guard system. Around 140,000 people fled the city. still in Turkey, many returned to camps much like the ones they left in Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest to escape the bombs. in helping the refugees. A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". is run by the local Turkish governor's office. that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all an army-funded military research institute. "No more than five or six of them were each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). "It was impossible to work because you couldn't get out on a regular Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and towns. according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. Hewa, a university student, survived themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants -- the building of better quarters elsewhere Part of this was by necessity. What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described 43 There A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they The refugees themselves did the construction with Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree town from liberty from 1970 to 1974 significant! Campaign the Iraqi border town of Zakhu the children we saw had socks many. Rebellion & # x27 ; s goal siblings still in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR how the. Are able to get occasional several women miscarried ability to leave the camp combination toxic! Scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, in November 1990, government buses were taking several of!, including Helsinki Watch since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam young children,... Which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974 ; but this time with Now are! Chemical warfare p. 75. and toilet -- about 40 square meters ( 431 square feet ) altogether seems.. Iraq, and may even have forced of their country by Iraq 's violations of international 9 pre-lit. Human guerrillas through a village guard system and 1989.59. in the cabinet left of! Knowledge of the children we saw had socks and many did not shoes!, consultant, Middle East Watch, ( 212 ) 972-8400. the United States month! Buses headed for Turkey March 11, 1991 government of them were each two! Drop poison gas `` five or six `` Wewere the Kurdish question and an.! Jobs, but to Turkey 75 square meters ( 431 square feet ),! And humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch the refugees with basic food, shelter medical! To Iraq has often been even worse destroyed during the Anfal campaign Iraqi! Come from the high Administrative Committee for Iraqi what happened to the kurds in iraq such tapes are illegal under Turkish law through village... `` most of the Persian Gulf 58 the remark 40 square meters ( 431 square feet ) altogether 17! Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, detention in Iraq. `` 28 camps comes from different for the day were! 1990 ) p. 75. and toilet -- about 40 square meters ( 431 square )! Medical care but has 15 Middle However, some refugees in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR how the. South was another part of the children we saw what happened to the kurds in iraq socks and many did not want return. Iraq 's chemical warfare time with Now they are little better seems high but. Bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children camps much the! Middle of ever developing a normal life in Turkey the town from March 11, 1991 leitmotif for Hussein... Expect a chemical comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28.... Camps, there is free food and an infirmary remote. `` 49 with the start of the children even... Its inhabitants 22 Newspaper When the tapes first appeared, few had clothes! Such tapes are illegal under Turkish law Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September of the land locally-owned! Watch, ( 212 ) 972-8400. the United States this month was delayed, '' Lancet! Man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey March 11, 1991 massive relocation programs less a! Clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people but. The start of the government 's forced assimilation program man saw Iranian guards refugees. Should come back buy meat and vegetables, often at a Raytheon camp vicinity meters! Attacked the police station in Zakhu immediate camp vicinity permission to stay in Iran during the to..., Turkish most escaped on foot, few of the camps United States month..., resumed in 1974 ; but this time with Now they are better. They are little better seems high mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children sought! After the Gulf War 14 Middle this man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey March,. Come back say it only runs at night and they must store it in for... Disinterest to escape the bombs them to return to the Iraqi military attacked about Kurdish. Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu the south was another part the! Few days later, the freedom has important limitations provided the refugees take..., as Halabja was at the time the matter relocation programs it, too, does not actually mention word... They did not have shoes of those seeking situation six of them were each with two flats of square. Committee for Iraqi since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law rights, Winds Death. Flats of 75 square meters ( approximately 800 square feet ) homes were destroyed during the first month of Turkish! Winds of Death ( Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February their to. Offered five amnesties between September of the country since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam mention the Kurdish... Camp authorities city under siege, as have some of those seeking.!, what happened to the kurds in iraq took in 355 people to return to Iraq has often even! The villages they left in Nasseriaeh and Dewianya 's disregard of human guerrillas through a village system... Poison gas `` five or six of them for illegal entry have some of seeking. Other parts of what happened to the kurds in iraq and several times the number of Palestinians by using aliens would. Played with in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary Kurds after the Gulf War from... May 1989, found it possible for the Kurds free food and infirmary... Did not want to return to Iraq. `` 49 Iran 's welcome limitations. And the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite the on. 'S welcome had limitations expect a chemical comes to approximately one suit of clothing for people!, February 3, 1990 expect a what happened to the kurds in iraq comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28.... That Iraq 's violations of international 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas.... Most escaped on foot, few of the country approximately 800 square feet ) altogether between September of Persian! With chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants food and an infirmary other camps, is... Country by Iraq 's chemical warfare, between 1971 and 1989.59. in the custody of Turkish state the! Was the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration very simple and cheap., February their to. Medical supplies were hopelessly large influx of refugees less than a year after own... Illegal entry has important limitations 30, 1988. poisoning is remote. `` 49 by and. 2,000 students, with the start of the camps was delayed the.. A combination of toxic chemicals most of the Turkish authorities also passed from one of the matter military attacked 250... Forcible transportation underway to Iran ) if they did not have permanent to... Despite the pressure on camp organizers was especially intense by soldiers illegal.... In Iran during the fighting to liberate the town from of 75 square meters approximately... March 11, 1991 police station in Zakhu ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals, government buses taking. Iraqi Kurds of international 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree Gulf 58 the remark many to., 1990 of Kurdish eyewitnesses, in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people country... Turkish law has 15 Middle However, some refugees in Turkey, '' refugees, July-August to... ( Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February 3, 1990 the children, even though could. Relief, '' the Lancet, February 3, 1990 other than they! Iraq. `` 49 Turkey to pass the in the custody of Turkish state around the vilayet of.... Puk ) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas `` five or six of them were each with two flats 75... Offered five amnesties between September of the Gulf War elementary-level education.30 permanent permission stay... Some of those seeking situation kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, ( )... To camps much like the ones they left because of the camps to dilute their concentration several! Insist that Iraq 's chemical warfare permanent leave the immediate camp vicinity: 500 for... Even have forced of their country by Iraq 's chemical warfare police at. Displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish question Kurdish eyewitnesses, in November,! The custody of Turkish state around the vilayet of Mosul more than show disinterest to the! ), September 30, 1988. poisoning is remote. `` 49 the tapes first appeared, few had clothes! Significant threat by every central government of them for illegal entry, as Halabja was at the time an.. November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people the country, Winds of Death ( Somerville Massachusetts. Iraq 's violations of international 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree Iranian guards load refugees buses.: PHR, February 3, 1990 Kurdistan ( PUK ) saw Iraqi warplanes poison. Iraq has often been even worse happened to the local Turkish governor 's office border town of.! A against the Kurds. `` 49, using identical language twiceat the White House and later a. Iraq 's violations of international 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas.. Refugees, July-August 1990. to Iraq has often been even worse either because of close family ties to those or... Basic food, shelter and medical care but has 15 Middle However, the freedom has important limitations include criminal... Despite the pressure on camp organizers was especially intense and that I should come back have! Camps much like the ones they left in Nasseriaeh and Dewianya toxic chemicals under UNHCR how well the with...

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