Green Currin, who participated in the Oklahoma Land Run of 1889, was elected to the Oklahoma Territorial Legislature in 1890. William Loren Katzs Black Indians and Art Burtons Black, Red, and Deadly cite an early Black presence in Oklahoma, then called Indian Territory. Randy Krehbiels Tulsa 1921: Reporting a Massacre quotes Washington Irvings 1835 eyewitness description of the Creeks, which confirms an early Black presence: quite Oriental in . It was, then and now, among the bloodiest outbreaks of racist violence in U.S. history. 2156, which would prevent most of the victims from rebuilding and the insurance companies from paying for damage caused by the massacre, even as white pawnshop and hardware store owners were compensated for damages to their shops. Tape (1999.069.02) - interviews with Ernestine Gibbs, Ruby McCormick, Wes Young, Otis Clark, and Joe Burns In June 1921 . Even afterward, few Black families had a chance to organize a funeral or mourn their dead. Overview. Read More Krehbiel, Randy,(author.). "Truth. Get the full version of this audiobook: https://audiobookscloud.com/B0851DWL7GTulsa 1921: Reporting a MassacreIn 1921, Tulsa's Greenwood District - known the. Staking a claim in the Cherokee Outlet Land Run of 1893, Gurley and his wife opened a general store and founded Perry, Oklahoma. Our country may forget this history, but I cannot.. It happened during one of the worst periods of racially motivated violence against Black Americans, the years immediately following the end of World War I in 1918. Smithermans, W.E.B. The Tulsa Tribune then published the front-page headline Nab Negro for Attacking Girl in Elevator. Later, Walter White, who investigated the incident for the NAACP, wondered why so many were willing to believe that Rowland was foolish enough to attack a white girl on an elevator on a holiday during a time of terror. Updates? Tulsa Star via Tulsa Race Riot Photographs website. according to a report issued by Human Rights Watch. Blood on Black Wall Street: The Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre. I never made much money, she said. As spending multiplied, some Blacks earned nice salariesmore than many white-collar workers. Tape 4 (1999.069.04) - interviews with Jobie Elizabeth Holderness, Eunice Jackson, Myrtle Rollerson, and Beulah Loree Smith, Most of the historic resources directly associated with Greenwood were destroyed during the massacre and many of the resources from the period of post-massacre reconstruction were destroyed by urban renewal in the 1970s. Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre Kindle Edition by Randy Krehbiel (Author), Karlos K. Hill (Foreword) Format: Kindle Edition 377 ratings Kindle $16.43 Read with Our Free App Audiobook $0.00 Free with your Audible trial Great on Kindle Great Experience. OHS-202 - Documentation, Database, and Correspondence. Parrish, who miraculously escaped death as she fled through a hail of gunfire with her young daughter, wrote: The Tulsa disaster has taught great lessons to all of us, has dissipated some of our false creeds, and has revealed to us verities of which we were oblivious. The 1921 Graves Public Oversight Committee is meeting virtually today to review findings from the 2021 excavation and lab analysis work. When he heard of the Glenn Pool oil strike, Gurley saw opportunity and moved to Tulsa in 1906. "The massacre was actively covered up in the white community in Tulsa for nearly a . This riot is covered extensively in Elliot M. Rudwick, Race Riot at East St. Louis, July 2, 1917 (Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1966), and mentioned in the Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam Books, 1968), 217-18, hereafter referred to as Report on Civil Disorders, and in Alex L. Swan, "The Politics of Identification, a Perspective of . The elevator operator was seventeen-year-old Sarah Page, a white girl. OHS-203 - Analysis and Final Report. Members of the commission gathered accounts of survivors who were still alive, documents from individuals who witnessed the massacre but had since died, and other historical evidence. Johnson said the inability of Black people to accumulate wealth and transfer it intergenerationally is the root cause. The looting, though hurried, was methodical, with mobsters taking furniture, Victrolas, and pianos. This site uses cookies. Black people had money and needed places to spend it. In many ways, it is poetic irony that science fiction has forced America to confront its very real history. TULSA 1921: Reporting A Massacre Monday, September 30th, 7:00 - 8:30 pm Tulsa World reporter Randy Krehbiel in conversation with Nehemiah D. Frank, Founder and Editor of The Black Wall Street Times. Details are difficult to gather, because many survivors of the massacre fled the city. B. Mann, a WWI veteran and veritable giant, led a valiant fight by sniping the rioters from Mt. When something is stolen from you, you go to the courts to be made whole. We were made to feel that our struggle was unworthy of justice and that we were less valued than whites, that we weren't fully American., Fletcher served white families for most of her life as a domestic worker. It included the willful destruction of what at the time was one of the most successful Black communities in America. Let the blame for this negro uprising lie right where it belongs on those armed negros and their followers who started this trouble and who instigated it and any persons who seek to put half the blame on the white people are wrong, the Tulsa City Commission wrote in a report issued two weeks after the massacre. Thousands of African-American families moved in and helped found 30 Black towns, including Boley, Clearview, Tatum, Lima, and Langston, where McCabe himself helped found Langston College in 1897. There were indictments of a few white officials, including Police Chief John Gustafson, and several Black Tulsans, among them publisher A.J. It was too late. In its preliminary recommendations, the commission suggested that the state of Oklahoma pay $33 million in restitution, some of it to the 121 surviving victims who had been located. The written order, filed on Wednesday . OHS-206 - Case Dockets #19221-19275, 1921. 1 online resource (pages cm. The building was demolished in 1924 to expand the First National Bank. In 1921 Tulsa's Greenwood District, known then as the nation's "Black Wall Street," was one of the most prosperous African American communities in the United States. The panel presented perspectives representing different aspects of the states African American community. According to Tim Madigans. 1,142 pages. It's been 100 years since the Tulsa Race Massacre, a two-day attack on Black Americans in the thriving business district of Greenwood. Two of the last known survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Viola Fletcher, 108, and Hughes Van Ellis, 102 became citizens of Ghana in a ceremony Tuesday. The other thing that happened post-massacre there are a lot of promises made by local leaders, these are white men, about rebuilding the Greenwood community, and they didn't really materialize. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The exhibition will feature 33 Oklahoma-based artists. Greenwood Rising, a history centre honouring Black Wall Street, memorializing the victims of the massacre, and telling its story, was established in 2021 by the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission, founded in 2015. The Greenwood district in Tulsa, Okla., prior to the 1921 massacre. Black Wall Street did, eventually, rise from the ashes and Greenwood enjoyed another heyday in the 1940s, but integration and urban renewal in the 1960s and the 1970s led to new declines the neighborhood was unable to fully overcome, Johnson said. Follow NBCBLK on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. North Greenwood Ave. in Tulsa, Okla., prior to the 1921 Tulsa massacre. Crowds of people watching the fires on June 1, 1921 in Tulsa, Okla., looking from Cincinnati Ave. from 2nd St. to Detroit Ave. Hughes Van Ellis, left, a Tulsa Race Massacre survivor and Viola Fletcher, second right, oldest living survivor of the Tulsa Race Massacre, testify before the Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Subcommittee hearing on "Continuing Injustice: The Centennial of the Tulsa-Greenwood Race Massacre" on Capitol Hill on May 19, 2021. The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre May 31-June 1, 2021, marked the 100th anniversary of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. Historians tend to de-emphasize the violence waged against Black people in AmericaTulsa is one prominent example. A Greenwood legend, Peg Leg Taylor, a veteran of the Spanish-American War, was said to have shot a dozen white men from a sniper position on Standpipe Hill. These PDFs contain thousands of pages from the Tulsa Race Riot Commission Collection. . As eleven-year-old Sarah Rector, a member of the Muscogee Creek Nation, became the Richest colored girl in the world when a gusher was discovered on her land, many African Americans feared for their lives. DuBois had already warned the Black veterans of World War I, in the May 1919 issue of the, Details are difficult to gather, because many survivors of the massacre fled the city. When Greenwood residents learned of the impending lynch mob, a group of mostly Black men, which included World War I veterans, armed themselves and went to the courthouse to protect Rowland. Please try again. Use the links to view the interviews on YouTube. What little we had would be stolen from us, Ellis told the committee. . Smitherman and his brother John, a deputy sheriff. Publication. 107-year-old survivor of Tulsa Massacre Viola Fletcher calls on U.S. to acknowledge 1921 event, Looking back at the Tulsa Race Massacre a century later, Tulsa newspapers swiftly published incendiary articles. Search for other works by this author on: Journal of American Ethnic History (2021) 40 (3): 130132. An estimated 300 people were killed within the districts 35 square blocks, burning to the ground more than 1,200 homes, at least 60 businesses, dozens of churches, a school, a hospital and a public library, according to a report issued by Human Rights Watch. This upheaval resulted in the uncontested mob outnumbering the remaining Black people by 20 to 1, the report said. As city streets throbbed with protests (and what some might call uprisings) during the summer of 2020, two science fiction dramas recalled the massacre of Tulsa, Oklahoma, which took place 100 years ago this spring. Black wealth is generally one-tenth of white wealth. In 1921 Tulsa's Greenwood District, known then as the nation's "Black Wall Street," was one of the most prosperous African American communities in the United States. This time, the police, fearing a lynching, moved Rowland from the regular jail to the top floor of the Tulsa County Courthouse for safekeeping. Quraysh Ali Lansana, an Oklahoma native and the acting director of the Center for Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation at Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, is helping organize an exhibition about the historic Black Wall Street neighborhood, its destruction and its rebirth, for Tulsas Philbrook Museum of Art with Tri-City Collective. The committee accomplished this by using a variety of sources that took roughly three and a half years to compile. Many of the mob members were recently returned World War I veterans trained in the use of firearms and are said to have shot African Americans on sight. 1,090 pages. May 31June 1, 2021, marked the 100th anniversary of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. I had everything a child could need, Viola Ford Fletcher, 107, told the committee. Within a week of the massacre, at least 6,000 of the remaining residents were detained in internment camps. Bynum announced the City of Tulsa would reexamine the potential of graves from the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre as identified in the 2001 State commissioned report. Tulsa race massacre of 1921 When the massacre ended on June 1, the official death toll was recorded at 10 whites and 26 African Americans, though many experts now believe at least 300 people were killed. On Friday, February 27 from 5:30 to 6:30 p.m., TU will host the panel discussion "Black Wall Street and the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre" to explore the success of Black Wall Street before the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. It all started on Monday morning, May 30, 1921, when a nineteen-year-old African-American shoeshine named Dick Rowland was working at a stand in front of the Drexel Building in downtown Tulsa. 2006.018. By Victoria Macchi | National Archives News Enlarge An image from the American Red Cross Disaster Relief, Tulsa Chapter, Condensed Report on the events of May 31 and June 1, 1921, known as the Tulsa Race Massacre. Little Africa on fire, Tulsa, Okla. Race riot, June 1st, 1921 (Library of Congress)Although not all historians agree on the actual numbers of deaths and property damage, the report by the Oklahoma Commission estimated the death toll of African Americans to be as high as 300 and damage to 191 Black-owned businesses properties in Greenwood at around $1,500,000 (the equivalent of about . Social media was abuzz with people trying to find out more about Tulsa. And one of the ways to harmonize that dissonance is to bring the Black folks down a peg through violence.. ): Eyewitnesses saw women being chased from their homes nakedsome with babies in their armsas volleys of shots were fired at them. Old World War I airplanes dropped bombs on Greenwood, with the mob fatally shooting Black people and looting and burning their homes and businesses. Arsonists reportedly waited for white women to fill bags with household loot before setting homes on fire. Moderated by J. D. Baker, special assistant to Oklahoma City Mayor Holt, the panel included Brenda Alford, who shared her familys story of surviving the Tulsa Race Massacre; Oklahoma State University professor Dr. Shortly after the massacre there was a brief official inquiry, but documents related to the massacre disappeared soon afterward. Tulsa police officers were identified by eyewitnesses as setting fire to Black homes, shooting residents and stealing. 34 square blocks of Tulsa's . The truth. Around or after 4:00 p.m. that day, a clerk at Renberg's clothing store on the first floor of the Drexel Building in Tulsa heard a woman scream. The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Massacre and Greenwood Rising Sheriff McCullough, hunkered down in the County Court House, kept Dick Rowland safe as the mobs fury was aimed at a Negro revolt in Greenwood. Shortly after the massacre there was a brief official inquiry, but documents related to the massacre disappeared soon afterward. This article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: Originally published as The 1921 Tulsa Massacre: What Happened to Black Wall Streetin the Winter 2021issue ofHumanitiesmagazine, a publication of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Please notify us atpublications@neh.govif you are republishing it or have any questions. Late in the battle as gunfire was sporadic, Jackson walked back to his home, after attending to victims, with his hands up. He is a member of the Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations and has conducted 1,820 African-American oral histories for The HistoryMakers. Also in August 1920, in Oklahoma City, an eighteen-year-old Black youth, Claude Chandler, was lynched by a mob that featured the future mayor of Oklahoma City, O. She is a native Tulsan, co-creator of the Tulsa Syllabus and the archaeology project "Mapping Historical Trauma in Tulsa from 1921-2021." . Benjamin Pap Singleton organized Exodusters and founded Nicodemus, Rattle Bone Hollow, Hoggstown, and many other towns in Kansas. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The law firm of Spears, Franklin & Chappelle provided legal assistance to victims. Enjoy a great reading experience when you buy the Kindle edition of this book. Beginning on June 26, 1921, the Tulsa grand jury findings were published in newspapers. while they [other enslaved Blacks] was still licking the [white] masters boots in Texas. By the turn of the century, an estimated 37 percent of the Creeks were Blackmany with land rights. Several Black people were tied to cars and dragged through the streets. Sidestepping discrimination in the oil industry, Blacks arriving in Tulsa prospered as maids, shoeshines, waiters, chauffeurs, cooks, barbers, mammies, and gardeners to the newly rich. Forty miles north, several dozen blacks spent the night in Bartlesville's city park, guarded by members of the American Legion. Tulsa's Greenwood district rebuilt after the massacre 100 years ago. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. The Tulsa race massacre was an injustice on multiple levels. I still see Black men being shot, Black bodies lying in the street. In this book, Krehbiel describes the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 and discusses the antecedents and consequences of the tragic event that left somewhere around ~300 African Americans dead (estimates unknown and widely varying) and destroyed Tulsa's prosperous "Black Wall Street" in the neighborhood of Greenwood. Scholars used the accounts of witnesses and ground-piercing radar to locate a potential mass grave just outside Tulsas Oaklawn Cemetery, suggesting the death toll may be much higher than the original records indicate. On average, North Tulsans live 14 years less than South Tulsans. The assembly was quiet until the arrival of the armed Negros, which precipitated and was the direct cause of the entire affair, the grand jury wrote. You have an incident like that, then the breach in trust is huge. Before May 31, 1921, Tulsa's black business district known as Greenwood flourished in spite of segregation. In just a few years on or near Greenwood and Archer streets, exciting sights, sounds, and smells inspired the captions The Black Wall Street and a regular Monte Carlo.. I still smell smoke and see fog. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.40.3.0130, These People Have Always Been a Republic: Indigenous Electorates in the U.S.Mexico Borderlands, 15981912, Troublemakers: Students Rights and Racial Justice in the Long 1960s. When first published in 2001, society apparently wasn't ready for such an unstinting narrative. It also had luxury shops, restaurants, grocery stores, hotels, jewelry and clothing stores, movie theaters, barbershops and salons, pool halls, nightclubs and offices for doctors, lawyers and dentists. We know that there were several thousand unaccounted for, Mechelle Brown, program coordinator for the Greenwood Cultural Center, told CNN during a 2016 interview. Turning in the direction of the scream, he saw a young black man running from the building. My parents and five siblings were there. In the commentary, the HBO producers mentioned that they lifted the idea of the bi-plane bombings from this book: "The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921.". Now that Tulsa has scratched its way into popular culture, it stands as a symbol of Black tragedy and also of resurrection and resilience. Greenwood is just outside of North Tulsa, which is mostly Black, while South Tulsa is a mostly white area. Tulsa Race Riot: A Report by the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, published in 2001 (PDF). The House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties held a hearing on the issue May 19 in which three remaining known survivors, experts and advocates called on Congress to issue reparations to the living survivors and all descendants to rectify the lasting impact of the massacre. In a 1940 Works Progress Administration oral history, an ex-enslaved Creek confirmed this: I was eating out of the same pot with the Indians, . The district really took off as an economic and entrepreneurial kind of Mecca for Black folks because this was an era of segregation, he said. A massive share of people in Greenwood were left homeless. Work. We are asking for justice for a lifetime of ongoing harm.. He is author of, State and Jurisdictional Humanities Councils, HUMANITIES: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities, SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION, Sign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter, Chronicling America: History American Newspapers. Even before Watchmen (which premiered in fall 2019) and Lovecraft Country (fall 2020), Black social media and public lectures promoted the hashtag #BlackWallStreet. Meanwhile, the, As Rowland sat in jail, back at the offices of the Black newspaper, A. J. Smitherman of the Tulsa Star led an impassioned discussion about how to protect him. The white mob grew to more than 2,000 and Tulsa police did not disperse the crowd. Those indictments were largely dismissed or not pursued, according to the Human Rights Watch report. Mary Magdaline Wyatt (H1982.061), Tulsa Race Riot (Massacre) Commission Interviews OHS-207 - Case Dockets #23279-23346, 1921. 2021 marks 100 years since the infamous 1921 massacre in Tulsa, in which white mobs unleashed violence against the city's Black people, Black institutions, and Black wealth. Just decades after slavery in the United States left Black Americans in an economic and societal deficit, one bright spot stood out in Tulsa, Oklahoma its Greenwood District, known as the Black Wall Street, where Black business leaders, homeowners, and civic leaders thrived. As many as three hundred people, most of whom were black, died during the riot. Alicia Odewale is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at The University of Tulsa. Identifier: 1989-004 An artificial collection comprised of research materials from a variety of sources, including recordings, photographs. Survivor of 1921 Tulsa race massacre 100 year-old Hughes Van Ellis (2L) sit next to sister 107 year-old Viola Ford Fetcher and family members during a service at Action Chapel International church . Several aspects of Tulsa's social structure served as causes of the Greenwood's destruction in 1921, including both demographic shifts and structural failures. He told his family that he had tripped over the elevator threshold and accidentally grabbed a white girl and she had screamed. The tragic events took countless homes and businesses and led to the destruction of one of the largest, most affluent and prosperous Black communities in America. White mobacrats employed extralegal tactics to gain an advantage over Blacks, Indians, and even white union organizers. eng. Late in the battle as gunfire was sporadic, Jackson walked back to his home, after attending to victims, with his hands up. Meanwhile, the Tulsa Tribunes afternoon edition fanned the flames with the headline To Lynch Negro Tonight! as an ugly mob began to gather outside of the Tulsa Courthouse. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Johnson said there are two main casualties of the massacre that contribute to these discrepancies and affect everyday life a breach in trust between Black and white communities and the inability to transfer accumulated wealth. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. When stories like the Tulsa disaster, where ample material and living witnesses are available, are not told, we must question our record keepers. And they mustered the strength to rebuild. Shortly after the massacre, a grand jury was empaneled to prosecute the rioting, weapons and looting and arson charges. Tulsa, 1921 : reporting a massacre / Randy . The fact that after the disaster none of them were convicted of crimes vindicates that position. I hear the screams. (Show) Current holds 0 current holds with 1 total copy. Although they had survived one of the deadliest race massacres in U.S. history and their district was demolished, many residents returned. They were left to rebuild on their own. A furious mob of thousands of white men then surged over Black homes, killing, destroying, and snatching everything from dining room furniture to piggy banks. Tulsa law enforcement deputized and armed certain members of the mob. Every year the Tulsa Equality Indicator report comes out and it reveals and outlines alarming disparities along racial lines from policing to the life expectancy. From the terror of 31 May 1921 to. But on May 31 of that year,. Report scam, HUMANITIES, Winter 2021, Volume 42, Number 1, The National Endowment for the Humanities. Oklahoma Historical Society via Gateway to History. Less than a year before, in August 1920, a white drifter, Roy Belton, had been ripped from jail by a white mob and hung in public for killing the towns favorite cab driver. It is totally true. The Tulsa Race Massacre of May 31-June 1, 1921 was one of the deadliest attacks on an African American community in U.S. history. The next day Rowland was arrested at his home by two Tulsa police officers, one white and the other, Henry Pack, Black. The setback has only compounded since then as Tulsa remains largely segregated and riddled with racial disparities. Slavery was obviously a huge example of an inability to accumulate wealth uncompensated labor, he said. Rowland went inside the building to use the third-floor segregated restroom. Riot Versus Massacre, Teacher Resource Guidescorrelating to Oklahoma History Academic Standards OKH.5.2, Examine multiple points of view regarding the evolution of race relations in Oklahoma, A Very OK PodcastThe 1921 Tulsa Race MassacreBlack Wall (Main) Street. DuBois had already warned the Black veterans of World War I, in the May 1919 issue of the Crisis, that they would be cowards and jackasses if now that the war is over, we do not marshal every ounce of our brain and brawn to fight a sterner, longer, more unbending battle against the forces of hell in our own land.. It should teach us to Look Up, Lift Up and Lend a Helping Hand, and remember that we cannot rise higher than our weakest brother. Materials are presented uncensored and unaltered to reflect the historical record, and some content may be disturbing to viewers. The lawyer leading the charge was Buck Colbert Franklin, the father of famed historian John Hope Franklin, the late professor emeritus at Duke University. The Black Dispatch Summary. The Tulsa Massacre was a result of racial animosity and mistrust within a culture Over 24 hours, Tulsa witnessed what is thought to be the worst single event of white supremacist violence against African Americans in the nation's history. This page includes Oklahoma Historical Society resources and collections that chronicle this devastating event in our states history. Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre (Hardcover) By Randy Krehbiel, Karlos K. Hill (Foreword by) $34.95 Add to Cart Add to Wish List Usually Ships in 1-5 Days Description In 1921 Tulsa's Greenwood District, known then as the nation's "Black Wall Street," was one of the most prosperous African American communities in the United States. During this 2021 centennial of the Tulsa disaster we are reminded of the shameful legacy of white racism in Tulsa and other Black communities not that long ago. Oklahomas Tulsa Race Massacre Commission reported that 100 to 300 people were killed, though the real number might be even higher. Tape 1 (1999.069.01) - introduction by Eddie Faye Gates, and interviews with George Monroe, Lola Streeter-Jackson, Veneice Dunn-Simms, Kenny Booker, Edward Lett, and Ernestine Gibbs The Bloomberg Philanthropies gave Tulsa $1 million for an expansive public art project called the Greenwood Art Project. Some have waited decades to find out where the mass graves . OHS-205 - Case Dockets #19167-19221, 1921. . Named for historian and civil rights advocate John Hope Franklin, whose father survived the massacre, the park features the Tower of Reconciliation, a 25-foot- (7.5-metre-) tall sculpture that commemorates African American struggle. This page includes Oklahoma Historical Society resources and collections that chronicle this devastating event in our state's history. The night of the massacre, I was awakened by my family. B. Mann, of Mann Brothers Grocery Store, and Black Deputy County Sheriff J. K. Smitherman (A. J.s brother), they offered their assistance to Sheriff Willard McCullough, but he persuaded them to leave. Corrections? This wasnt the case for us. In 2018, Radio Diaries in New York City received a $350,000 grant from NEH to support several episodes of its historical radio program and podcast, one of which, Surviving the Tulsa Race Riot, told the story of the Tulsa Race Massacre through the life and memories of Olivia Hooker, who was just six years old in 1921. Mob began to gather, because many survivors of the deadliest attacks on an African American in... They [ other enslaved Blacks ] was still licking the [ white ] masters boots in Texas to a issued! Live 14 years less than South Tulsans to revise the article to an... Remaining residents were detained in internment camps over Blacks, Indians, and many other towns in Kansas Tulsa. 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