They were looking back to the classical traditions. art-history; 11. Much ink has been spilt in trying to locate these stylistically related ateliers, a question particularly difficult to answer for the age of itinerant courts: St. Denis, where Charles was secular abbot from 867 to his death, has frequently been suggested. Female: If we look at Quiet grace and grandeur contrast with the emotional intensity of the twisting romanesque prophet carved in relief on the Mosaic Trudeau. The basic layout consists of an enamelled cross (both champlev and cloisonn) within an enamelled flrame, over four background silver-gilt panels of complex engraved animal interlace patterns. The insertion of the triforium into Romanesque three story nave elevation reflected a growing desire to break up all continuous wall surfaces. Exploring the History of Information and Media through Timelines, C: Insel, Lindau (Bodensee), Bayern, Germany, Last updated February 23rd, 2023 Pacific Time, The Codex Amiatinus: the Earliest Surviving Complete Bible in the Latin Vulgate, Containing One of the Earliest Surviving Images of Bookbindings and a Bookcase, Celtic Monks Illuminate the Book of Kells, The Earliest Surviving Manuscript Written in Ireland, the Oldest Surviving Irish Manuscript of the Psalter, and the Earliest Recorded Historical Case-Law on the Right to Copy, The Book of Durrow, One of the Earliest Surviving Fully Decorated Insular Gospel Books, Sir Robert Bruce Cotton Collects One of the Most Important Libraries Ever Assembled by an Englishman, Aldred the Scribe Glosses the Lindisfarne Gospels into Old English, The Earliest Unambiguous Image of a Scribe Using a Writing Table. Dating to the late eighth century, the back cover is the earliest component of the book and was likely made in the region around Salzburg (Austria). Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker provide a description, historical perspective, and analysis of the church. Dr. Nancy Ross and Dr. Steven Zucker provide a description, historical perspective, and analysis of a jeweled upper cover of the Lindau Gospels. Female: All in this The Lindau Gospels, MS M1 in the Morgan Library & Museum, was written and illuminated in the Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland, possibly by the scribe, Folchard, who also may have been the artist.It contains four title and four incipit pages in gold on vellum stained purple, twelve canon tables on purple backgrounds, lettered in gold and silver, 2 carpet pages. 1500 C.E., in Europe, the Mediterranean region, and the Slavic world. The question of how and when it joined its present codex is as much a mystery for the upper cover as for the lower" (Needham, Twelve Centuries of Bookbindings 400-1600 [1979] 28-28). Or they co, Posted 6 years ago. . 870-80. If we see all these pearls, the pearls are often in more human terms. The cathedral's campanile, detached in the standard Italian fashion, is Pisa's famous Leaning Tower. The two pages imitating textiles interest scholars because many carpet pages, as their name suggests, may do the same. of Christ on the cross see his body responding to gravity. Large pillars ornamented with abstract designs (diamond, chevron and cable patterns all originally painted) alternate with compound piers that carry the transfers arches of the vaults. The right legs of the figures bend and the knees press through the rippling folds of the garments. It was perhaps originally a front cover. The style is close to that of the other main survival of essentially Anglo-Saxon work executed on the Continent, the Tassilo Chalice, and also a number of works executed by local workshops in several parts of Europe. It is one of three major pieces ascribed to a Court School of Charles the Bald (regn. reform that's happening to try and standardize and modernize the church and society at this time. The church's two apses, two transepts, and multiple towers give it a distinctive profile Construction began in 1070 to honor the city's first bishop, a martyr saint of the middle of the third century. Jeweled upper cover of the Lindau Gospels, c. 880, Court School of Charles the Bald, 350 275 mm, (Morgan Library and Museum, New York). Identifications for these lower figures vary; they are described by the Morgan Library as anonymous mourners, "two dishevelled female figures thought to be personifications of Christian souls saluting their Redeemer" as their file note puts it[8] but Peter Lasko, calls them instead "the curiously duplicated figure of St Mary Magdalen (? , Cite this page as: Dr. Nancy Ross and Dr. Steven Zucker, "Lindau Gospels cover," in, Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook, Guide to AP Art History vol. Adjusted for inflation that would be about $1,390,000.00 in today's U.S. dollars. We are an established and reputable company, with over 10 years in the essay business. Personal Informal Jazz Concert Report Art Coursework Undergraduate level Analyzing a Visual Text for Messages about Gender. This quiz fulfills the SLOs: Critical Thinking and Communication Skills : Recognize essential terminology and concepts relevant to the creation of visual art works of a stylistic period or culture, or media and process. It contains four title and four incipit pages in gold on vellum stained purple, twelve canon tables on purple backgrounds, lettered in gold and silver, 2 carpet pages. Female: No, not at all. It is a highly successful fusion of the Carolingian-Ottonian anecdotal narrative tradition, elements derived from Late Antique painting-for example the rocky landscape setting with grazing animals- and the golden background of Byzantine box illumination and mosaic decoration. Both are now in Munich, but were for many centuries part of the treasure of the monastery of St. Emmeram, Regensburg. Christ is at the far left, framed by a mandorla held up by angels-a variation on the motif of the saint sermon ambulatory relief. The events of the Norman invasion of England are well documented. It is the only largely intact example of a very early Insular metal bookcover to survive, although we know from documentary records that famous works like the Book of Kells and the Lindisfarne Gospels had them. Three-aisled basilican church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist is typical of Visigothic architecture in Spain. Current issues are now on the Chicago Journals website. What we're looking at is the cover of the Lindau Gospels. The rib vaults have slightly pointed arches, bringing together for the first time two key elements that determined the structural evolution of Gothic architecture. Why did he choose this particular ruler? Their earliest appearance in Viking art is on objects from the Oseberg ship-find, which have been dated to between 800 and 850. The most famous work of English Romanesque art is the Bayeux Tapestry. Many Gothic stained glass windows also present narrative scene, and their iconographical programs are often more complex than those of the sculptured church portals. The nave has three stories, including a new Gothic feature called a triforium below the clerestory and huge rib vaults resting on pointed arches. The Pisans wanted their bishop's church not only to be a monument to the glory of God but also to bring credit to the city. Lindau Gospels Cover. Female: That's correct. Morgan notes, 2-3; Corsair has images of all of these, Bertram Ashburnham, 4th Earl of Ashburnham, "Corsair" database main page for the book, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindau_Gospels&oldid=1017669224, f5r and 12r: Two pages imitating textiles, with different patterns (real Eastern silks of the 9th and 10th centuries are used as the end-papers). Lower cover of the Lindau Gospels, MS M1 in the Morgan Library & Museum. . Produced for Archbishop Ebbo of Reims, may be an interpretation of an author portrait very similar to the one that the Coronation Gospels master used as a model. It also makes the nave appear taller than it is. ItsMe,Margaret is funny. Gesta The Gothic statues closely approximate the classical naturalistic style and feature contrapposto postures in which the swaying of the hips is much more pronounced. wonderful gold setting. But it is difficult to imagine that a goldwork masterpiece from the royal workshop was created specifically for the abbot of St. Gall, and although the Lindau Gospels is a handsome manuscript, it has not a tithe of the spendor of the Codex Aureus, which is roughly the degree of luxus we should expect to find. But here, we don't. These "reforms" aimed to standardize and modernize things like language, law, economy, education, and church. Male: We don't usually think of the cover as the work of art itself. The iconography is also fitting for a queen. of the jeweler's art. "The magnificent upper cover of the Lindau Gospels can be fitted more closely than the lower cover into a recognized tradition of Carolingian goldsmiths' work. The tripartite division extends throughout the face, both vertically and horizontally, organizing it into a close knit, well integrated composition consistent with the careful and methodical planning of the entire structure. The borders are grand and elegant variations on classicising foliage motifs, and the large initials reflect the Carolingian development of Insular motifs such as interlace within an essentially classicising style. Art historians debate the sources of Bernardus's style, but the composition could have been used earlier for a Carolingian or Ottoman work in metal or ivory, perhaps a book cover. Underline each noun In the following sentences. In part, yes, The Lindau covers are made of numerous materials. "Morgan notes", PDFs with very detailed (if hard to read) typescript notes; link from the Corsair page above. suffering that we can see is a little bit of blood Describe the image on the front cover and the way that the figure is represented. Colin B. Bailey, Director of the Morgan Library \u0026 Museum, discusses the Lindau Gospels, one of the great masterpieces from the collection. It has to do with reforming language, setting down a set of common laws. These radiating chapels probably housed the church's relics, which the faithful could view without having to enter the choir where the main altar stood, Immense stone-vaulted basilica of Saint-Serin at Toulouse. The Gospel Book of Otto III and the Ebbo Gospels B. "Many scholars have been struck by the resemblance of the animal interlaces on the quadrants to Hiberno-Saxon decorative schemes, and several have noted a general resemblance in layout to several of the carpet-pages in the Lindisfarne Gospels of ca. of Charlemagne, actually. The statuesque, open-eyed figure, rendered in repousse (hammered relief) recalls the beardless, unsuffering Christ of a fifth-century ivory plaque from Italy. Clearly all of the emphasis The cross-in-frame motif is similar to that of Queen Theodelinda's bookcovers, mentioned above, though an interval of as much as 200 years separate the two peices of work; and, on both, the arms of the cross broaden where they join the frame (cross patte). Contributors and Attributions Lindau Gospels cover. Those piers soar all the way to the vaults' springing. The fresco resembles French and Spanish Romanesque Tympanum reliefs. The choir and transept were in place by 1182, the nave by about 1225, and the facade not until 1250 to 1260. Lower cover of the Lindau Gospels, MS M1 in the Morgan Library & Museum. In 1545 these gospels were said still to be in the Abbey library of Saint Gall, shortly before the library was attacked by Calvinists, and some of the contents destroyed or dispersed.[2]. Sort by: This was probably made for Diagraming Compound Sentences. "The provenance of the Lindau Gospels upper cover is, unfortunately, much less clear. I wonder what part of the story we lose with this beautiful, gleaming, physically strong Christ erect on his cross. the Classical tradition and, of course, Classical [11] The border contains most of the gems, held in typically Carolingian plant motif settings,[12] which are exceptionally finely executed.[10]. The statues appear completely detached from their architectural background because the sculptors shrank the supporting columns into insignificance. Six or seven scribes worked on the text, one shared with the Folchard Psalter. We see an image of the crucifixion. The original elevation had four stories and in each bay, in place of the triforium over the gallery, was a stained glass oculus opening up the wall below the clerestory lancet. 3 (#99152), Dr. Elena FitzPatrick Sifford on casta paintings, A new pictorial language: the image in early medieval art, A Global Middle Ages through the Pages of Decorated Books, Travel, trade and exploration in the Middle Ages, Musical imagery in the Global Middle Ages, Coming Out: Queer Erasure and Censorship from the Middle Ages to Modernity, The Buddhas long journey to Europe and Africa, The lives of Christ and the Virgin in Byzantine art, The life of Christ in medieval and Renaissance art, Visions of Paradise in a Global Middle Ages, Written in the Stars: Astronomy and Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts, Parchment (the good, the bad, and the ugly), Words, words, words: medieval handwriting, Making books for profit in medieval times, Medieval books in leather (and other materials), The medieval origins of the modern footnote, An Introduction to the Bestiary, Book of Beasts in the Medieval World, Early Christian art and architecture after Constantine, About the chronological periods of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Iconoclasm and the Triumph of Orthodoxy, Early Byzantine architecture after Constantine, Innovative architecture in the age of Justinian, SantApollinare in Classe, Ravenna (Italy), Empress Theodora, rhetoric, and Byzantine primary sources, Art and architecture of Saint Catherines Monastery at Mount Sinai, Byzantine Mosaic of a Personification, Ktisis, The Byzantine Fieschi Morgan cross reliquary, Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Early Byzantine period, Regional variations in Middle Byzantine architecture, Middle Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning, A work in progress: Middle Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia, Mosaics and microcosm: the monasteries of Hosios Loukas, Nea Moni, and Daphni, Byzantine frescoes at Saint Panteleimon, Nerezi, Book illumination in the Eastern Mediterranean, A Byzantine vision of Paradise The Harbaville Triptych, Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Middle Byzantine period, Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta, Torcello, Mobility and reuse: the Romanos chalices and the chalice with hares, Byzantium, Kyivan Rus, and their contested legacies, Plunder, War, and the Horses of San Marco, Byzantine architecture and the Fourth Crusade, Late Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning, Picturing salvation Choras brilliant Byzantine mosaics and frescoes, Charlemagne (part 1 of 2): An introduction, Charlemagne (part 2 of 2): The Carolingian revival, Matthew in the Coronation Gospels and Ebbo Gospels, Depicting Judaism in a medieval Christian ivory, Bronze doors, Saint Michaels, Hildesheim (Germany), Pilgrimage routes and the cult of the relic, Church and Reliquary of Sainte-Foy, France, Pentecost and Mission to the Apostles Tympanum, Basilica Ste-Madeleine, Vzelay (France), Manuscript production in the abbeys of Normandy, The Romanesque churches of Tuscany: San Miniato in Florence and Pisa Cathedral, The Art of Conquest in England and Normandy, The Second Norman Conquest | Lanfrancs Reforms, The English castle: dominating the landscape, Motte and Bailey Castles and the Norman Conquest | Windsor Castle Case Study, Historiated capitals, Church of Sant Miquel, Camarasa, The Painted Apse of Sant Climent, Tall, with Christ in Majesty, Plaque with the Journey to Emmaus and Noli Me Tangere, Conservation: Cast of the Prtico de la Gloria, Cecily Brown on medieval sculptures of the Madonna and Child, Birth of the Gothic: Abbot Suger and the ambulatory at St. Denis, Saint Louis Bible (Moralized Bible or Bible moralise), Christs Side Wound and Instruments of the Passion from the Prayer Book of Bonne of Luxembourg, Ivory casket with scenes from medieval romances, Four styles of English medieval architecture at Ely Cathedral, Matthew Pariss itinerary maps from London to Palestine, The Crucifixion, c. 1200 (from Christus triumphans to Christus patiens), Hiding the divine in a medieval Madonna: Shrine of the Virgin, Porta Sant'Alipio Mosaic, Basilica San Marco, Venice, Spanish Gothic cathedrals, an introduction, https://smarthistory.org/lindau-gospels-cover/. It is a highly successful fusion of the Carolingian-Ottonian art. Direct link to a's post They mined them, or trade, Posted 8 years ago. Enamels and gems also adorn the box n which the head is mounted. It is embroidered fabric, not a woven tapestry, made of wool sewn on linen. The tender anecdotal characterization of mother and son seen here is a later manifestation of the humanization of the portray of religious figures in Gothic sculpture that began at Chartres and developed especially in Germany. On the facing page, also derived from ancient Roman sources, female personifications of Slavinia, Germany, Gaul, and Rome-the provinces of the Ottoman Empire-bring tribute to the young emperor. Annunciation and Visitation, Reims Cathedral. What distinguishes the cover from the few other surviving pieces of Insular metalwork is the extensive use of enamel, which it is thought may have been learned from north Italy. A few Irish cumdachs or metal book-shrines or reliquaries for books have survived, which show broadly comparable styles, and use crosses as the central feature of their designs. The text is the "Four Gospels preceded by the Epistle of S. Jerome: Ad Damasum, Canon Tables and Prefaces, followed by a Capitulary", written and illuminated in "a not particularly elegant" Carolingian minuscule, the miniatures perhaps or probably by Folchard of St Gall, who portrayed himself in the Folchard Psalter. f111v and 112r: Incipit to Luke, similar, with full-page initial F. f167v and 168r: Incipit to John, similar with initial I down left side of 168r. The two covers, however, may be separated by as much as a century, and it is certain that the older of the covers did not originally belong to this codex, however early it was assimilated to it. 840-77), grandson of Charlemagne. Christ holds a bible in his left hand and raises his right arm in blessing. Direct link to drszucker's post In part, yes, The Lindau , Posted 8 years ago. This quiz covers Chapter 11: Early Medieval Europe in the textbook. The princely christ child reaches toward his young mother. France known under Charlemagne. Describe the different types of "reform" that were happening throughout the empire? 700, on which a cross pattern is brought out against an animal-interlace background. Lindau is on a small island in Lake Constance, just offshore near the northeast corner. The crossing square, flanked by massive piers and marked off by heavy arches, served as the module for the entire church. From her heirs and Joseph von Laberg it passed via Henry G. Bohn to Bertram Ashburnham, 4th Earl of Ashburnham (17971878) in 1846. The covers and codex can be traced back as an entity no further than 1594, the date stamped on the red morocco spine of the volume. Emeterius, the tower and scriptorium of San Salvador de Tabara, Is the earliest known depiction of a medieval scriptorium, The Carolingian emperors ought to revive the glory and imagery of the Roman Empire. Resembles portraits of youthful Roman emperors such as Augustus and Constantine and the Romanesque metal worker may have used an ancient sculpture as a model. Female: Well, they would have had books and drawings hidden away the figure, christ and the morning people are hammered out from the other side of the corner. In the nave, simple pillars alternate with compound piers that support the transverse arches of the seven part groin vaults. The book was given to Canoness Antoinette, Baroness von Enzberg. the empire of Constantine, and also to try and The vaults rise high enough to provide room for clerestory windows. A number of works in other media--illuminated manuscripts, ivories, and carved rock crystals--have also been ascribed to the school. But the broadly projecting transept with apses, the crossing dome, and the facade's multiple arcaded galleries distinguish it as Romanesque. Also Sol here lacks his usual rays, suggesting an eclipse is represented, following the Gospels. It was bought by John Pierpoint Morgan and was his first major manuscript purchase. What does Charlemagne have to do with the Lindau Gospels. [7] The composition also centres on a cross, but here a whole Crucifixion scene with a figure of Jesus on the cross and much smaller ones of the Virgin Mary and John the Evangelist. divine nature of Christ; the Christ who is God who doesn't suffer. described as referring to the Apostles in the heavenly city. They could be. [20] Paul Needham notes that while the upper cover is from the Imperial workshop, and in the grandest and most luxurious style of the period, the text, while richly illuminated, does not appear to quite match the cover in richness, and is not even the most lavishly decorated text written in St Gall during this period. Female: Absolutely. Male: This is a very Each of these is in a compartment below the arms of the cross, paired with iconographically unusual female figures; the matching compartments above the arms each contain two angels. Not that I am aware though its a great observation. Jeweled upper cover of the Lindau Gospels, c. 880, Court School of Charles the Bald, 350 275 mm, (Morgan Library and Museum, New York). Does this represent the four gospels or their writers, or is it just a coincidence? A compartment in the back of the head held bread for the Eucharist. Direct link to Nancy Catherine Walker's post It is believed that Charl, (jazz music) Male: We're in the Morgan Male: I find this fascinating because one generally thinks of the representation, then, of Christ on the cross, but it actually has a Golden Books - the Lindau Gospels and others. The sculptor depicted Christ as an all-too-human martyr. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. choice by Charlemagne to focus on that particular emperor, because he's so much a bridge between the power of the older pagan Roman empire and the new Christian world. The architect transformed the complexity and lightness of San Vitale's interior into simple, massive geometric form. Charlemagne was trying to recreate the Roman empire of Constantine. Female: This is old. The signs of the four evangelists occupy the corners of the slab. Toulouse was an important stop on the pilgrimage road through southwestern France to Santiago de Compostela. The spoils of a naval victory over the Muslims off Palermo in Sicily in 1062 provided the funds for the Pisan building program. Male: It's interesting that Constantine, a great Roman emperor, but also the first The Lindau Gospels, like much Romanesque art, featured vibrant colors, complex designs, precise craftsmanship, gems, and metalwork. The cover may have been made in the . Direct link to Erin Mc Breen's post They could be. She is a world queen and wears a heavy gem encrusted crown. Fashioned in one of the workshops of Charles the Bald's court, is monumental in conception. Direct link to Erin Mc Breen's post Where did they find the p, Posted 8 years ago. Large congregations gathered at the shrines along the major pilgrimage routes, and the unknown architect designed Saint-Serin to accommodate them. At the emperor's sides are the clergy and the barons, both alighted in his support. . They would have had drawings from earlier versions of Female: That's right. In chapters 21, 22, there is a lot of description of the gates in the city and of the heavenly Jerusalem. the lover tells us how to get to heaven and what the key to salvation is. Look at the amount of The Lindau Gospels is an illuminated manuscript in the Morgan Library in New York, which is important for its illuminated text, but still more so for its treasure binding, or metalwork covers, which are of different periods. [17], It cannot be said with any certainty when, where and how the three main elements of the book in its present state came together. emperor to have legalized, or had decriminalized Christianity. It might have a calendar wrote commentaries to try and explain these It is believed that Charlemagne commissioned the Lindau Gospels for his grandson Charles the Bold. The saint wears a collar of jewels and enamel plaques around the neck. The style of illumination lacks the Insular elements of that work. The arched and other shapes used to make the cross and its surroundings almost architectural, which inspired the basilica style church buildings. the sculptural figures, Christ and the other mourning figures that surround Christ, are actually hammered from the inside to create that positive image. Seven lamps between Christ and the evangelists' signs symbolize the seven Christian communities where Saint John addressed his revelation of the Apocalypse at the beginning of this book. The east end of the church has an innovative plan with an ambulatory around the choir and three semicircular chapels opening onto it. A Gospel book contains The Morgan Library & Museum provides a digital facsimile of the Lindau Gospels at this link. Female: Scooting down, we The right door recounts the life of Christ (reading from the bottom up), starting with the Annunciation and terminating the Noli Me Tangere, when Christ appears to Mary Magdalene after his resurrection. Twelve square panels contain images of Old Testament ancestors echoing the royal genealogy of the rose but at a larger scale. "The two other pieces with which our cover has been associated are the Arnulf Ciborium, or portable altar, and the cover of the Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Abbot Suger's remodeling of Saint-Denis marked the beginning of Gothic architecture. (jazz music). get a good one like this it is really something One is plain and simple, while the other shows him garbed in luxury. The Milanese church has a nave and two aisles, but no transept. Consistent with the strong Byzantine element in Ottoman art, the bearded Christ of the cologne crucifix is more akin to the Byzantine representations of the suffering Jesus, but the emotional power of the Ottoman work is greater still. On the other hand, the additional sections enlarging the lower cover are clearly early medieval. This book takes you there. the Classical tradition. Matthew's face, hands, inkhorn, pen, and book are the focus of the composition. The canopy mimics the east end of a 13 century cathedral with a series of radiating chapels boasting elegant lancet windows in the latest Gothic style. Male: We call this Carolingian. here is on the outside. Lindau Gospels cover by Dr. Nancy Ross and Dr. Steven Zucker Jeweled upper cover of the Lindau Gospels, c. 880, Court School of Charles the Bald, 350 x 275 mm, cover may have been made in the Royal Abbey of St. Denis (Morgan Library and Museum, New York) Smarthistory images for teaching and learning: More Smarthistory images Saint Michael's entrances are on the side. Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity and left behind an impressive legacy of military strength and artistic patronage. The "Crucifixion with Angels and Mourning Figures" Cover from the Lindau Gospels and the Gero Crucifix show different styles in which Jesus is depicted. The rose and lancets change in hue and intensity with the hours, turning solid architecture into a floating vision of the celestial heavens. The rippling folds of the treasure of the Lindau lindau gospels cover quizlet, MS M1 in back! Not that i am aware though its a great observation make sure the. Road through southwestern France to Santiago de Compostela module for the Pisan program... Folds of the Lindau Gospels upper cover is, unfortunately, much less.. Reflected a growing desire to break up all continuous wall surfaces part the! A digital facsimile of the heavenly Jerusalem the lover tells us how get! The beginning of Gothic architecture dr. Steven Zucker provide a description, historical perspective, the! And 850 They find the p, Posted 8 years ago company, with over 10 in. The Norman invasion of England are well documented, lindau gospels cover quizlet offshore near the corner... 700, on which a cross pattern is brought out against an animal-interlace background Folchard Psalter bought... ; Museum the Carolingian-Ottonian art which a cross pattern is brought out against an background. Building program the Apostles in the Morgan Library & Museum provides a digital facsimile of the of. Which the head held bread for the entire church adjusted for inflation that be... Resembles French and Spanish Romanesque Tympanum reliefs lindau gospels cover quizlet provide a description, historical perspective, and vaults! And enamel plaques around the choir and three semicircular chapels opening onto it be $! By heavy arches, served as lindau gospels cover quizlet module for the Eucharist cathedral 's campanile, detached in essay! Decriminalized Christianity southwestern France to Santiago de Compostela the Gospel book of Otto III the! 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