What distinction (if any) is there between a scientific theory and a conceptual one that might lead you to disagree with this argument? d. internal versus external Operations Management questions and answers. 1) A complex, ordered organization consisting of one or more cells. Treatment: in a research study, any condition applied to subjects - those in the treatment group - that is not applied to subjects in a control group. A) experiential method B) scientific method C) intuitive process D) strategic management process E) account planning philosophy B) scientific method Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring. Suppose, for example, that on a camping trip to the mountains you say to your friend, This pot of water boiled quickly at this altitude; so all water boils quickly at this altitude. The premise and conclusion are both about the boiling of water at this altitude. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. WebThe explanatory hypothesis is the heart of the case formulation. It makes no statement with respect to causation. a. Step 1. her own conscious experience. Sample exercise. If the explanation leaves too much to mystery, or requires too much of established science to be replaced by less well-established views, then the argument can normally be no better than logically weak. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? b. bracketed Which of the following have shown the strongest relationship? Without using a calculator, find P100P^{100}P100. He had a maritime tattoo, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, and an air of command. Hypotheses and theories not supported by trustworthy and methodical scientific studies. d. fans become more aggressive under the influence of alcohol And if regulation side-whiskers were all the rage, they would not indicate that the man was a sergeant in the marines. If the comet had been expected anyway, why should its appearance point toward Newtonian mechanics as opposed to whatever was the already accepted explanation? Suppose the phone rings and you pick it up, only to hear the click of someones hanging up on the other end. Explanatory Impotence Explanatory impotence is the opposite of explanatory power. Also termed a theory or an explanatory hypothesis. Although there is no formula for deciding on the improbability of the outcome, there are some helpful strategies that you can follow in making your decision. Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality? Men were exposed more frequently to the elements, since they did the hunting and tree cutting. I hope this explains it for all hands. c. Small-scale, on-the-field aggressive acts serve as triggers for crowd aggression. A) experiential method B) scientific method C) intuitive process D) strategic management process E) account planning philosophy B) scientific method It comes down to physiology, says Grayson. a. as a circle It assigned a central role to gravity, which is, in effect, action at a distance; but it did not offer any account of how gravitational forces can act across space without any intervening physical bodies. The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it has been observed. How often do plumbers leave water spraying everywhere rather than turning it offif not at the faucet, then at the main? Another way to put this is to ask whether there is a satisfactory conceptual framework for the general explanationand whether it is more satisfactory than the alternatives. 1. The argument might be clarified as follows: Then someone realized that this sort of evidence provided no logical support for the conclusion. Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? The first premise states that the theory, or the explanation, really does enable you to predict the facts, or the observable outcome. (The Vitamin C example is similar; one reason that researchers have not worked harder at collecting evidence for the theory is because it is unclear how it would work. D. It excludes the presumption of d. all of the above Singular explanationsthat the butler did it, or that the man was a Marine sergeantare designed to apply to a very specific thing or eventto this particular murder or to that particular mans physical characteristics. A. B. But when praised for a good landing, the student usually followed with a poorer landing. d. causing mental or physical harm to another person regardless of the intent of the act An observable outcome for which there are fewer possible explanations is that much more improbableand, thus, is that much logically stronger. For exactly the same reason, we can hardly consider astrology to be supported when someone finds that the days horoscope has some truth in it; horoscopes are worded so vaguely that there are almost always events that can be interpreted as making them true. WebShort Answer. It describes why the individual is having problems. No more mice. Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist? The plumber says he went to a house, while the man says he lives in an apartment; how often does someone make that sort of mistake? A relationship between variables in which they increase (or decrease) together. Which Shakespearean sonnet is the most beautiful? Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004 Soles d. frustration A second way of distinguishing among explanatory arguments is in their level of generality. Because the explanation does no work in making the outcome probable, it should get none of the credit when the outcome is observed. Which of the following statements is NOT one of their recommendations? This applies to both singular and general explanations. If your hypothesis is "Echinacea reduces the duration and severity of the symptoms of the common cold," what is your null hypothesis? A hypothesis is a tentative explanation . I instinctively jumped to the teases defense. When people insist that they have no repressed memories, then, Freud considers this to be evidence for the presence of resistance, which is itself evidence for the existence of repression. 16. Which of the following would be the most reasonable testable prediction for the hypothesis: "All birds can fly"? Newsweek, Sample answer. It always does reappear after an eclipse when much noise occurs. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. The cages were then placed in the same spot where the frogs laid the eggs. A pathway by which we can come to discover and better understand our world. From what Ive told you, what conclusions would you draw? Is the if-clause offered as superior to alternative explanations of the then-clause? c. reactive versus hostile c. They are affected by team (group) pressures. Its a favorite of macabre schoolchildren. I searched the apartment, but it was nowhere to be found. Echinacea has no effect on the duration and severity of the symptoms of the common cold. Nearly half the party died before an April rescue, the survivors cannibalizing the dead. In Arnhem Land, it seems, sorcery kills not by suggestion or paralyzing fear, but by dehydration. For each explanatory argument below, (i)identify the explanation, (ii)state whether it is the sort of thing that is known to happen, and (iii)compare its frequency to at least one alternative explanation. a. with the intent to harm physically. An explanatory hypothesis is a type of hypothesis which is used to test the cause and effect relationship between two or more than two variables. . Dont worry about whether the outcome has much likelihood of being true (since that has to do with the truth of premise 2, not with the logic of the argument). A comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets did appear in December 1758. An explanation that is designed to apply only to a single thing or event. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. The following are illustrative examples of explanatory power. We can also ask the same of singular explanations, although one way of asking it of singular explanations is to ask whether this sort of thing is known to have happened before and whether it occurs more frequently than the alternative explanations. a. aggressive behavior and media violence. I would be following the same strategy if I introduced you to a student of mine and declared that she had special coin-tossing skill, proven by the fact that she has just now, on demand, tossed heads five times in a row. Explanationa statement that enables us both to predict and to better understand the cause of that which it explains. Here is one good way of clarifying it: From a logical point of view, the chronological relationship between the two does not matter. It includes the presumption of causation. In the late 1950s, a doctor reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that stomach ulcers could be effectively treated by having a patient swallow a balloon connected to some tubes that circulated a refrigerated fluid. B. An hypothesis is an idea that gives a tentative or temporary explanation to a phenomena. What is meant by the phrase "hierarchical organization of life"? c. It must be directed toward a human being. Dear Papa Bear: Its just a wild guess, but I think somebodys been sleeping in your bed. It makes no statement with respect to causation. Some explanations will eventually measure up to the standards of good reasoning; that is no reason to eliminate the standards. Aggression has been defined as which of the following? An observable outcome for which there are fewer possible explanations is thereby that much more improbableand, thus, is thereby that much logically stronger. After significantly departing from the mean level of competence, we would expect that the next attempt would be closer to the current mean. I think it might be haunted. For example, our hypothesis in this case could be that the toast didn't toast because the electrical outlet is broken. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. . d. If Newtons account of celestial mechanics is correct and applies to the motion of comets, then a comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets will appear in December 1758. The explanations prior probabilitythat is, its probability prior to judging whether the observable outcome is truemust not be implausibly low and it must be higher than that of the leading alternative explanations. Abbys argument remains moderately strong. For a solution to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be an idea that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. WebWhich of the following statements is true of an explanatory hypothesis? The argument would be greatly improved if the outcome included an attempt to rule out this alternative explanation, namely, I walk around on the ground while I wear the shoes, and I float in the air when I take them off. The observable outcomealso termed the data, the prediction, or the factsfollows from the explanation and can in a certain way, at a certain time, and under certain conditions, be seen, heard, smelled, tasted, or touched. WebThe explanatory hypothesis is the heart of the case formulation. Examine the list of all known species of birds and determine if any cannot fly. Psychology is a social science discipline. A. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. It describes why the individual is having problems. It fails the test mentioned in the preceding section, since we already have an explanation for the outcomenamely, the normal operation of gravity. The lad said that Suzy and the hired man were up in the hayloftthat Suzy had her dress up and the hired man had lowered his trousers. Perier stopped and measured the barometer from time to time as he scaled the mountain, with results that were widely taken as impressive proof of Torricellis hypothesis. Organisms can perform many reactions and activities, by acquiring, using, and transforming energy. Blue jay reproduction rates were measured in both habitats before and after the treatment. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information. Observation of one or only a few instances of a phenomenon. If the man were a Marine sergeant, then he would have a maritime tattoo, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, and an air of command. C. It's For example, our hypothesis in this case could be that the toast didn't toast because the electrical outlet is broken. This is an important source of the comet arguments logical strength. Step 5. It just plain disappeared. A. An explanatory argument contends that certain facts can best be explained by a certain theory, and thus that the theory must be true. WebTranscribed image text: www.bbt.com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? If the prior probability of the outcome is high, then we expect the outcome to happen anywayeven if the hypothesis is false. Periers barometer reads 30 inches at 0 feet, 28.7 inches at 1,300 feet, 28.2 inches at 1,800 feet, 27.2 inches at 2,800 feet, 26.2 inches at 3,800 feet, and 25.2 inches at 4,800 feet. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? WebWhich of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? b. when participants are embarrassed That smacked of the sea. Halleys job would have been much easier if, instead of predicting a comet precisely in December 1758, he had made the following vague prediction: At least one comet will appear somewhere in the sky at some time in the future. Satisfies correct form condition for explanatory argument, and does well on the total evidence condition. observation - question - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions Which are true of a hypothesis? You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Applying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? Rabinoff claimed that this was evidence for a causeeffect relationship between TM and the weather. About a month later this letter appearedreally: Dear Abby: The letter from the traveling man who spends five days a week on the road interested me. It was all those asthma medications that I didnt need, she said. There was no control group with which to compare his patients who received the treatment. That would tend to imply that the damned thing blew up. , Woman interviewed on TV: At first I heard a funny roar. C. It's d. Aggression facilitates performance only in team-sport athletes. Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. When I went back to that house, the door was open and I could hear a loud argument coming from another room, so I sneaked in and quietly retrieved my pipe. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. As we have seen, explanations that make good sense are those for which we have an adequate conceptual frameworkfor which we have a reasonably good account of the causal mechanisms involved. Also termed the data, the prediction, or the facts. General explanations are typical of science, though are not restricted to it. Observable outcome: As my horoscope says, at 3:00 today my bank will call and tell me that they have gone bankrupt and my life savings is lost. If the answer is yes, then the argument is at least moderately strong (assuming it has not failed the first part of the total evidence condition). e. a and c, The peer conflict resolution program developed to help resolve conflicts in a nonviolent way uses ________ as mediators in resolving student conflicts. If punishment motivates learning better than does reward, then punishing student pilots when they perform poorly is followed by improved performance more often than rewarding them when they perform well. Vague outcomes are likely to have a high prior probability and thus are likely to signal that the argument is logically weak. This is the place to ask about coincidence as an alternative explanation. Sample exercise. They took me off all of them and since then Ive had no attacks. Are the outcomes such that they would falsify alternative explanations? Premise 2 is probably true. A. An arson investigator said the man offered an explanation: The suspect said that he was using the gas to start his car and that he felt the jug was too full so he poured out some of the gasoline near the building. One method that is commonly used in this process is to compare the effects of a drug to that of a neutral placebo in double-blind tests. Lack noticed that on an island shared by two species of finches, ones beak was markedly smaller than the others. An hours sleuthing eliminated the plants inventory, machinery, welding operations, painting procedures and conveyor system as possible sources of the dent. She is a ________. If the Earth is surrounded by a sea of air that decreases uniformly in pressure as the altitude increases, then Periers barometer reads 30 inches at 0 feet, 28.7 inches at 1,300 feet, 28.2 inches at 1,800 feet, 27.2 inches at 2,800 feet, and 26.2 inches at 3,800 feet, and 25.2 inches at 4,800 feet. b. Also, the doctors reported, an extensive battery of pulmonary function tests failed to produce the kinds of findings that are characteristic of an asthmatic. Hypotheses and theories are not derived from observed facts, but invented in order to account for them. The argument concludes with the assertion of the explanation. This hypothesis is not necessarily the right explanation. In summing up his defense before the jury, he said, My esteemed opponents statements remind me of the little boy who ran to his father. 5) Growth, development, and reproduction. In another example, continental drift initially was reasonably rejected as the explanation for the striking biological and geological similarities between continents that are widely separated by oceans because there was no known mechanism for the drift. The second part of the total evidence condition requires that you exercise the same imaginative powers as the arguer; for you must imagine which explanations would be the most credible alternatives to the one argued for. d. as an inverted-U And in the larger world, organisms themselves are organized into many levels: populations, communities, and ecosystems within the biosphere. My employer values me. ], [1001]\begin{bmatrix} Drug companies sometimes hire independent research laboratories to evaluate whether a drug they've discovered is effective or not in treating an illness. A measurable entity that is available at the start of a process being observed and the value of which can be changed as required; generally represented on the x-axis in a graph. Similarly with our other cases. c. psychologically harming another individual observation - question - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions Which are true of a hypothesis? The problem in all of these cases is that the explanation does no work. In a short paragraph, identify the explanation, discuss why it may be unfalsifiable, and explain how this results in a problem with the first part of the total evidence condition. Explanatory arguments typically expand our knowledge by offering a different subject matter in the conclusion. These youngsters had, in fact, been selected at random from among their classmates. Several of the younger trees by Beaver Creek stream are now nothing more than two-foot posts sticking out of the ground; the treetops are nowhere around, and the top of each stump comes to a curious point. But eventually, confronted by many cases in which there seemed to be no medical reasons for deaths, anthropologists and psychiatrists came to accept it as a pathology in its own right, linked to the victims belief in sorcery. WebA hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. \, 4,83,169,3227,-4,-\frac{8}{3},-\frac{16}{9},-\frac{32}{27}, \ldots While waiting for my clothes to dry, I slipped into a robe hanging on a hook in the bathroom, and I must have thoughtlessly put my pipe into the pocket. How in the world did you deduce that? I asked. Once the vocal cord problem was identified, the patients were taught certain techniques by a speech pathologist which, the report said, immediately reduced both the number and the severity of attacks in all patients. For her part, Delynn Carter said she knows what triggered her attacks. An even subtler example can be found in academic discussions of the theory that punishment motivates learning better than does reward. But the premises would provide virtually no support for the Newtonian conclusioncomets do appear from time to time, so this particular outcome would have been virtually certain anyway. Rabinoffs paper asserted that there was a correlation between TM practitioners desiring warmer weather on one evening and the occurrence of unusually warm weather the following day. This condition is the logical requirement on any inductive argument that its conclusion fit appropriately with the total available evidence. I have a pretty young wife (my second) whom Ive always trusted until last Friday night when I came home, put on my bathrobe and found a well-used pipe in the pocket! a. parents One emphasizes the power of suggestion as a psychological process; if faith can heal, despair can kill. All of these. The increases to Work in Process-Roasting Department for Highlands Coffee Company for May as well as information concerning production are as follows: Workinprocess,May1,1,150pounds,40%completed$1,700CoffeebeansaddedduringMay,10,900pounds28,600ConversioncostsduringMay12,504Workinprocess,May31,800pounds,80%completedGoodsfinishedduringMay,11,250pounds\begin{array}{lr}\text { Work in process, May 1, 1,150 pounds, } 40 \% \text { completed } & \$\hspace{10pt}1,700 \\ \text { Coffee beans added during May, 10,900 pounds } & 28,600 \\ \text { Conversion costs during May } & 12,504 \\ \text { Work in process, May 31, } 800 \text { pounds, } 80 \% \text { completed } & - \\ \text { Goods finished during May, } 11,250 \text { pounds } & -\end{array} b. Circles that had only later begun to appear elsewhere, they suggested, were created by copycats. Such arguments are typical of science, though are not restricted to it. A friend told me that Thai food is especially effective for those who are on a diet. b. When he was a young lawyer, Abe Lincoln had to defend a client against a case that seemed to be strongly supported by a list of undisputed facts. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. Although neither sort of argument has a logical advantage over the other, certain sorts of evaluative questions can be asked of one but not of the other. Because the observable outcome rules out the leading alternative explanations, its prior probability is far lower than the anecdotal argumentand thus the argument is logically much stronger. For the Greek might count anything as grave misfortune, from a financial reversal to the death of an aged parent. Web16.4 Summary of Chapter Sixteen. In an experiment, the group of subjects not exposed to the treatment being studied but otherwise treated identically to the experimental group. e. neglectful. . First American psychologist. But Im not stupid. The mountain argument can be clarified roughly as follows: For a more substantial example, lets look at a famous explanatory argument from science. In others, the outcome is first observed, then the explanation is invented to account for it; although these are subject to exactly the same evaluative conditions as the first sort, we can more easily be fooled by them. A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted among a set of scholars; a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. Would it require the world to function in mysterious ways or in ways that differ dramatically from the ways that are well established by science? So-called crop circles in southern Englands grain fields were widely reported in the media a few years ago. Sample answer. e. none of the above. I subconsciously wanted the test to succeed, so I tended not to count less severe colds that I otherwise would have counted. d. They see it as part of their role. When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? A. When faced with the dead body and the candlestick bearing the butlers fingerprints, even if there were no evidence pointing toward the chambermaid, an alternative explanation might have been this: The butler and the chambermaid committed the murder together, but only the chambermaid was wearing gloves. e. b and c, a. athletes view aggressive acts that would be judged inappropriate in society in general as more appropriate in the sport environment, The research examining the relationship between aggression and performance supports which conclusion? d. Let athletes decide on what punishments fit different aggressive and violent behaviors. It makes no statement with respect to causation. The simplicity test, as explained here, is related to the makes-sense test. There are two types of hypothesis. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. The first point of distinction is chronological. WebA hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. But the problem is that there is at least one alternative explanation that occurs much more frequently. c. undesirable Carl Hempel, The Philosophy of Natural Science. Funny roar aggressive and violent behaviors of their role the treatment trustworthy and methodical scientific studies aged. Theory that punishment motivates learning better than does reward thing or event a certain theory, and Savod. Selected at random from among their classmates triggers for crowd aggression pathway by which we can come to and... C. it must be true no effect on the other end the apartment, but was... As follows: then someone realized that this sort of evidence provided no logical for! Income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing webapplying your knowledge the. 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