what proof was whiskey in the 1800swhat proof was whiskey in the 1800s

Rye whiskey was still very popular during the early twentieth century, and the number of bottlings of Pennsylvania Rye or Monongahela rye whiskey generally outnumbered the bourbons in advertisements of the time. ), The farmers simply chopped down a few trees from their land, got the local cooper to make some sturdy barrels (every self-respecting settlement had a cooper or two since barrels were used to store and transport most products, from foodstuffs to hardware, at that time), and after bartering as much as possible with his immediate neighbors, he could easily send off a wagon load of whiskey to thirsty buyers further afield. Whiskeys made at this distillery include Very Old Barton, Ten High, Kentucky Gentleman, Colonel Lee, Tom Moore, and Barclays. Whiskey-making was one of the first cottage industries in the land; it was responsible for George Washington mustering federal troops for the first time, and whiskey went with the early pioneers as they traveled westward to explore new territories. Washington knew all about distilling liquor. Some sat alone at the bar taking notes on the particular malt they were sampling; others assembled in groups, experienced a few different drams, and discussed and compared each ones particular intricacies. In it, McDonald maintains that his actions in the Whiskey Ring were a direct result of instructions from Babcock, and since, according to McDonald, Babcock was widely regarded as being the Presidents chief advisor, he regarded any requests from Babcock as having emanated from the highest authority. Sylph, again according to McDonalds book--and we should take into consideration that he wrote the book to throw most of the blame for the Whiskey Ring scandal on others--was a woman with whom he had arranged a liaison for Babcock, not Grant. The world of bourbon is complex and the brands are numerous. John E. Fitzgerald, whose Old Fitzgerald bourbon would become the joy of the Stitzel-Weller brands, built a distillery in 1870. Not only are they, in many cases, less expensive than straight whiskeys, but the act of blending whiskey has now become an art form and results in a softer dram that is ideally suited for use with mixers, with some of the more expensive blends being complex enough to be savored for their own intricacies. Was it a specific person on a specific date? But in those pre-pasteurization days, beer didnt keep too long, so they brewed only as much beer as would be consumed in the very near future. In the 1960s and 1970s drinking was a fun-filled pastime: Americans reveled in all of the glories of the barroom, cocktails were served in myriad pastel hues and in copious quantities. However, some documents had been discovered that pointed to reasons other than friendship for Grants change of heart. The colonists, however, found an ingenious way of coping with these new taxes--for the most part, they ignored them. Americans in 1825 were drinking almost three times as much alcohol as the people living in the somewhat wild days of 1970. It is the federated church, and under all circumstances loyal to the church. This product represents a huge milestone for our distillery and embodies our core mission of blending the best of classic-style spirits with innov The country drank and drank, hardly knowing what was in the glass, everyone was out to achieve the high of all highs, and no one cared much how they did it. The supplier would receive a percentage of the whiskey, the distiller keeping the rest for his trouble. In fact, its very unlikely that anyone with the equipment and knowledge required to make whiskey would produce only enough for himself and his family. Felix graf von Luckner, a visitor to America during Prohibition, painted a marvelous scene of the effects of the experiment in his book, Seeteuful erebert America, 1928: Prohibition has created a new, universally respected, a well-beloved, and a very profitable occupation, that of the bootlegger who takes care of the importation of the forbidden liquor. One man whose name has certainly not been forgotten was the notorious preacher, Elijah Craig, who arrived in Kentucky in 1786 and was making whiskey three years later. In 1816, a company, registered in New England, incorporated in Kentucky under the name of the Hope Distilling Company; it was a very big venture--many years before its time. In Europe, the Great War broke out in 1914, and although President Woodrow Wilson initially declared that the country would remain neutral, on April 6, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Germany. At one point Wiley is rumored to have taken a bottle of bad whiskey to President Teddy Roosevelt who examined the product and declared that if people could no longer get a decent glass of whiskey, it was time that something was done about it. Its interesting to note just how much the whiskey business helped the war effort at this time. Beer was probably the first kind of beverage alcohol produced in the early settlements at Jamestown and Plymouth. Here again, the whiskey business contributed to the war effort by keeping cattle and pigs well fed when food for the general populace was at a premium. The Reverend Elijah Craig, a Baptist minister, is often recognized as being the inventor of bourbon, but that claim is completely unsubstantiated. The whiskey they drank was simply fuel for the saloons' many other pastimes, whatever those happened to be. By tracing the thirst the settlers wanted to slake we can plot the development of American whiskey from the early days of the settlers in Virginia and New England all the way through time to today. The most avid of these budding aficionadas and aficionados worked at learning about their drinks. Pulque is depicted in Native American stone carvings from as early as AD 200. Mellon private bottlings: After Prohibition, Richard King Mellon bottled some old vintages for his private use. Tennessee enforced statewide Prohibition in 1910. Babcock was finally brought to trial in 1876, and due in large part to testimony from Grant in the form of a deposition (Grant had offered to testify in person at the trial but was persuaded that Presidents just didnt do that sort of thing), he was acquitted of all crimes. J. Colony did a very thorough job and accumulated enough data to place John McDonald (the St. Louis-based superintendent of the Internal Revenue) at the head of the Whiskey Ring. In 1640, William Kieft, the Director General of the New Netherland Colony, decided that liquor should be distilled on Staten Island. In 1874 more than 200,000 retailers sold liquor in the U.S., a whopping 120,000 more than just 10 years before. proof), but by 1865 they had risen to a whopping $2 per gallon, the exact same amount that would be levied after Repeal, almost 70 years later. He claimed that the ringleaders had encouraged the spirit of opposition by misrepresentation of the laws calculated to render them odious, and had sought to deter those who might be so disposed from accepting offices through fear of public resentment and of injury to person and property, and to compel those who had accepted such offices by actual violence to surrender or forbear the execution of them. He went on to say that the distillers had been inflicting cruel and humiliating punishments upon private citizens for . States reacted to the prohibition with varying degrees of complicity. Beam family members, however, not being the sort to lay claim to falsehoods, say that their records indicate that it was 1795 before their forebear actually sold his first barrel of whiskey. The Lever Food and Fuel Act was enacted later that year; designed to preserve food supplies during World War I, it made all distillation of beverage alcohol illegal. No--it didnt contain neutral spirits or added flavorings or colorings. The Willett Family Estate has worked diligently since the mid-1800s to start, perfect, and craft their award-winning spirits. Everyone seemed to have it out for the distillers. (The army had stopped daily rations of liquor some 30 years previous, but it wasnt unusual for some commanders to issue whiskey to their troops.) 5 whiskey, and Lem Motlows Peach Brandy shortly after gaining control of the distillery. After watching people in Saghetti Westerns and Civil War Documentaries shoot whiskey like it was nothing, I was wondering about the strength of alcohol in the 19th century. The act gave legitimate distillers the ability to prove the quality of their products, but the fight for honest labeling had only just begun. The fact was, at that time the public wouldnt buy whiskey that wasnt made in small, old-fashioned pot stills. Rumor had it that McDonald had helped Grant by making sure Sylph left him alone, and if the rumors were true, it was no wonder that Grant allied himself with McDonald. (If you shake a bottle of whiskey, the bubbles that form on top, known as the bead, are an indication of the amount of alcohol in the whiskey.). Its doubtful. Strangely enough, one of the major beneficiaries of World War II was the rum industry, the very enterprise that, in America, had fallen at the heels of the whiskey business some 150 years previous. Colonel Albert B. Blanton became plant manager at the George T. Stagg distillery in 1912. To have lived during this period must have been similar to people who were born in the 1930s; one minute you get your first telephone installed, and before you know it, you are accessing information from libraries in Budapest. Whiskey was a spirit of contention during the Civil War, and was, in part, the reason that Grant never served a third term in the White House. Its clear that the whiskey business had its problems: The swingers of the twenties preferred gin to whiskey; post-Prohibition whiskey drinkers got used to blended whiskeys; and then the demon rum reared its head during World War II. Follow the American Whiskey Trail and the Distilled Spirits Council on Twitter! One immediate solution to the American distillers problem was to sell blended, rather than straight whiskey, thereby stretching the good stuff with neutral spirits and flavorings. Once a small distillery became part of the trust, it was either closed down or production was cut back, the aim being to control production at as many distilleries as possible. Oscar Pepper (James E. Pepper and Old Crow Bourbons) built the Old Oscar Pepper Distillery in 1838. of Louisville, points out that, although quinine and laudanum were used medicinally in the mid-1800s, few other medicines, apart from whiskey, were available. The manufacture of rum continued to be big business in America right through until 1808 when the U.S. prohibited the importation of slaves from Africa. But toward the end of Prohibition, those who were still producing whiskey were busy making plans for Repeal. What a pleasant surprise on Rainey Street. During the months leading up to Repeal, speculation was rife about how the liquor industry would handle the expected new business. Others turned to supplying grain to families like the Peppers rather than distilling their own products. : The Anti-Saloon League is not, strictly speaking, an organization. Due to his incompetency and the number of other scandals within his administration, by the end of 1874 Grant was not a popular man. American whiskey started its life as a raw, unaged spirit that had, as its main attribute, the power to spur the courage of the first colonists. One of the strangest, most unpredictable effects of Prohibition, however, was this: Hard liquor actually became more popular than it had been prior to the Noble Experiment. Well, he certainly didnt want to use his own name on them--they were, after all, fairly incriminating--and it seems that Babcock and McDonald used Sylphs name as a kind of inside joke when exchanging correspondence. 19 gallons were needed to produce one 16-inch naval shell. In fact, according to Mike Veach, archivist at United Distillers, it is more probable that Elijah Craigs name was used to fight the prohibition movement in the late nineteenth century simply because he was a Baptist minister. was the most consumed alcoholic liquor. In 1935, a group of investors opened the Heaven Hill Distillery in Bardstown. In some instances, distillers ventured into importing, exporting, and distilling different products to diversify their lines. A lid of sorts must then have been fitted onto the top of the log. Hence, people such as John Thompson Street Brown, father of George Garvin Brown (Old Forester), and the Weller brothers (W. L. Wellers sons), along with many other Kentuckians, served in the Confederate Army. Many proofs were bottled, including 113 proof, 121 proof, 122 proof, 123 proof, and 127 proof. this 85 proof whiskey . Mainly because gin was what the bootleggers had decided to make--and they had good reasons: It is relatively simple to take unaged spirits, straight from the still, add a little oil of juniper, and create gin--not London Dry gin, mind you, a distinctive spirit with myriad natural flavors lovingly distilled into it, but a very crude form of what we now call compound gin, a less-expensive substitute. It is the first Scotch to sell for six figures. Even though some documents pertaining to the case were stolen (allegedly by a man in the employ of Grant himself), Babcock was indicted. Elijah Craig Barrel Proof. In 1942 they introduced Wild Turkey bourbon to the marketplace. In effect, Lincoln was urging the temperance group to enlighten the public. Simply because it packed more alcohol into a small quantity of liquid than wine or beer, and it was, therefore, easier to transport and hide from the authorities. *motlow died in 1947. Oscar Pepper, in the 1800s. Of course, settlers in the islands made their own rum, and that, too, was exported to the American Colonies, ready for immediate consumption. None, however, were as successful as Aenaes Coffey, who, in 1831, patented his perfected continuous still in Britain. The Stitzel distillery joined forces with the Weller company to form Stitzel-Weller. This bourbon was rested for 7 long years in hand-selected white oak barrels. In 1868 Congress passed a bill that reduced the excise tax to 50 per gallon, required a tax stamp to be put on all American-made spirits, and gave distillers a grace period--known as the bonding period--of one year before having to pay taxes on liquor that was aging. Tennesseans, however, were not the only whiskey men to use charcoal filtration; one document in Louisvilles Filson Club, written prior to 1820, describes filtering whiskey through layers of white flannel, clean white sand, and pulverized charcoal made from good green wood such as sugar tree hickory. However, the Kentucky distiller who detailed these instructions, used only 18 to 20 inches of charcoal, not even close to the 10-plus feet described in Eatons process. Therefore, if we want to know who first produced bourbon whiskey as we know it, sour mash must enter the picture. These bottles were too costly for many distillers, but some at least, took advantage of the invention. The choice was simple: Let it mold and rot, or change its form as the ancient alchemists did and produce the water of life. (The word whisky is derived from the Gaelic word uisgebaugh, [WEEZ-ga-bochh] meaning water of life. If you say the word quickly enough--or with a substantial quantity of whiskey in your system--it becomes, with a little shortening, WEEZ-ga, a word that was Anglicized to become whisky.), Distilling grain gives farmers two distinct avenues for profit-making: The distillate, by virtue of having a high concentration of alcohol, can be stored almost indefinitely, and liquor is relatively easy to transport--much easier than huge sheaves of corn or rye. The major players in what became known as the Whiskey Ring, were General Orville E. Babcock, Grants secretary; John A. McDonald, the regional superintendent of the Internal Revenue, headquartered in St. Louis; and Benjamin Helm Bristow, the man who initiated the investigation into the affair when he became Secretary of the Treasury in 1874. (Mail-order liquor, of course, was not restricted to dry states, the whole country took advantage of some of the sizeable discounts the system offered.). As consumers we are lucky that so many good straight American whiskeys are still left in the marketplace. The bar opened in 1897 and closed its doors when Prohibition was enacted. And many of the soldiers who had been dispatched to Pennsylvania, on hearing about the Bluegrass States fertile soil and sweet limestone water that were perfect for corn-growing and whiskey-making, decided to flee the army and settle in Kentucky. In 1777, the newly formed United States of America adopted the Stars and Stripes as the Continental Congress flag, and George Washington was concerned that his troops didnt have enough liquor. Decrying prohibition during that period was somewhat akin to promoting cigarettes in 1995--although it doesnt amount to treason, it just isnt politically correct.. He had the scientific knowledge to be able to tinker intelligently with various aspects of his processes in order to make a better whiskey. My observations have convinced me that many fewer would drink were it not illegal.. proof), five gallons of pure bourbon, one pint of simple syrup (sugar water), one ounce of spirits of nitre, and some burned sugar for coloring. According to an approximate guide in the Dictionary of the American Brewing and Distilling Industries by William L. Downard, the consumption of pure alcohol (200? The idea was that the distillers would show their willingness and ability to police themselves from within and prevent post-Prohibition bars from becoming the seedy, unregulated dives they had been prior to 1919. The steam would, in time, heat the mash and vaporize the alcohol. And then theres the sour-mash component. After trading the slaves, gold, and pepper in Barbados, the ship returned to Rhode Island carrying 55 hogsheads of molasses, 3 hogsheads of sugar, and over 400 in bills of exchange. Rye, another European grain, was a hardy crop that took root and fared well almost immediately in the middle colonies, and since the Europeans were accustomed to working with rye grain, they turned to it as the next best thing to barley. Bourbon, in fact, is so darned American, that, in 1964, Congress itself recognized it as a distinctive product of the U.S.A. And although straight rye, and Tennessee whiskeys havent attained such a prestigious honor, they too have traveled the same dusty trails that led to todays superhighways and are as distinctively American as any bourbon whiskey. Maybe as a matter of routine, distillers who invested in used cooperage would set fire to the interior of the barrel to rid it of any lingering odors or dirt, and once again, at some point, charred barrels were recognized as having a good effect on whiskey. WhistlePig The Bhlden is aged for 21 years in American Oak ex-bourbon barrels and to give it that WhistlePig flair finished . To cut a long, complicated, and somewhat boring story down to a minimum, the company finally gave in to legal pressure and dissolved in 1902. A popular anecdote has it that a careless cooper accidentally let his staves catch fire and conveniently forgot to tell the distiller who bought the barrel about the mishap. As the name implies, Old Grand-Dad's 114 is indeed 114 proof. In order to put people to work, Roosevelt proposed a New Deal for the country. Over the whole of the eighteenth century, about 250,000 Scots-Irish Ulstermen and Ulsterwomen came to America. This was, after all, the first time that Washington had ever enforced federal law in the United States, and in order to persuade men to fight their fellow countrymen, Washington needed to prove he was a strong leader. Many others were hauled into court and fined for their lack of cooperation. Robert Samuels (Makers Mark Bourbon) arrived in Kentucky in 1780 and probably set up his still shortly thereafter. American whiskey, itself, has reached maturity in relatively recent years, after spending a 300-year adolescence being molded by every major event that has affected its native country. As part of this deal, Congress passed his National Industrial Recovery Bill that effectively suspended anti-trust laws and compelled industries to write their own fair trade codes, which would be examined by the President before approval. .. Heres an example of how it worked according to Martin Gilbert, author of American History Atlas, 1968: In 1752, by which time there were at least 30 legitimate distilleries in Rhode Island alone, a ship called The Sanderson left Newport, with 8,220 gallons of rum on board. 1, O.K. Interestingly enough, cider-makers who didnt possess a still would, during the winter months, leave cider outside to freeze. In Voyage louest des monts allghanys, dans les tats de lOhio, du Kentucky, et du Tennessee, 1804, French botanist, Franois Andr Michaux, explained that since he had missed the spring season when the water was high, he had to travel some 80 miles on land before boarding a boat in Pennsylvania to take him to Kentucky. Its just an old story, but there could be a grain of truth in it. Eventually, the distillers gave in to Washington. He described her as unquestionably the handsomest woman in St. Louis, and went on to say, Her form was petite, and yet withal, a plumpness and development which made her a being whose tempting, luscious deliciousness was irresistible. Obviously, McDonald was quite taken with the woman (although a sketch of Sylph in McDonalds book reveals her to have been more homely than irresistible). By his accounts, this bar was indeed one worth frequenting. Trains and Boats and a New Look at Drinking Habits. From that latter port, American whiskey could be shipped to anywhere in the world. Why did Babcock use the name Sylph on the telegrams? But still, these early Americans werent content. Others, either those not versed in the art of distillation or too concerned with time and money, would not adhere to the art of the distiller wherein only the center section of the whiskey is deemed suitable for consumption. Therefore, strong drink is a luxury that takes food from the mouths of all people. Like the first beers and wines, the first liquors made here used a variety of ingredients--berries, plums, potatoes, apples, carrots, and grain--anything that had the power to attract yeast and then ferment. One great example of this was Schenleys Golden Wedding rye whiskey, a very popular brand before Prohibition. Everyone knows this, even the powers of the government. James E. Pepper built the James E. Pepper Distillery in 1879 and soon produced a whiskey that bore his name. Less than 10 years later, Carry married David Nation, a lawyer and minister of the Christian church who eventually divorced her because of her slightly insane ways of demonstrating her distaste for alcohol. Advertisements in magazines and newspapers of the time gave consumers the chance not only to buy whiskey at reduced rates, but also to receive special offers, such as an elegant gold-filled watch sent free to all who influence ten new customers to each order one gallon or more of our goods. If you had only four friends, you could receive the most beautiful set of Limoges China Dishes you ever saw for persuading each of them to order a gallon of spirits from the Security Distilling Company of Chicago. Whiskey was rationed during the war, and some brands were discontinued. And although the town was originally known as Salem, the settlers soon adopted the name of their benefactor, and Bards Town (Bardstown) was born. The Shapira family, owners of this distillery, now produce Heaven Hill, Evan Williams, Elijah Craig, Henry McKenna, J. T. S. Brown, and Mattingly and Moore bourbons as well as Pikesville straight rye whiskey. Here are the 12 best bourbon whiskey brands you should be drinking in 2023. . Fact is that the distillers needed to store their whiskey in tight or leakproof barrels, and at that time, tight barrels were used to store just about everything from water to molasses to linseed oil to tar. The popularity of alcohol in Europe as a medicine was very high. Whiskey at the Close of the Twentieth Century. The law allowed settlers to lay claim to 400 acres of land provided that they build a cabin and plant a patch of corn prior to 1778. By 1900, many of the smaller temperance societies had either given their support to or had become part of the Anti-Saloon League, founded in 1893. Tennessee whiskey undergoes a charcoal filtering process called the Lincoln County . ): During the period leading up to the Civil War, some brand-name whiskeys were becoming popular. This figure, of course, is somewhat difficult to comprehend until you learn that the same table estimates that, using the same criteria, in 1970, consumption was at 2.5 gallons. George Garvin Brown (Old Forester) and his half-brother, J. T. S. Brown, went into the wholesale whiskey business in 1870. This version is Barrel 2 and bottled at 97 Proof. But in a strange, labyrinthine manner, this new batch of concerned citizens not only did what they set out to do (for which they deserve much accolade), but they also paved the path for the return to the bold, rich flavors of straight American whiskey. Also, drinks like beer and whiskey were a lot lower in alcohol content. Stitzel, Glenmore, Schenley, Brown-Forman, National Distillers, and Frankfort Distilleries--and these companies were allowed to store whiskey and sell it to licensed druggists, who in turn, could mete it out to customers who had a doctors prescription. In that year, after further reducing the taxes but still not getting cooperation from the Pennsylvanians, George Washington, for the first time in the history of the United States, rallied federal troops to quell the uprising. Two quotes from Lincoln often are used out of context and make him sound like a drinking man; both are taken from a speech he made to the Springfield Washington Temperance Society in 1842. One such society in New York state allowed its members to choose between swearing off liquor only--giving them ample leeway to get rip-roaring drunk on wine or beer--and signing the pledge to abstain from any and all beverage alcohol--total abstinence. The Volstead Act all but destroyed many of the legitimate whiskey distilleries. However, they had to contend with a certain Dr. Wiley, head of the Bureau of Chemistry, a part of the Department of Agriculture, and a true believer in straight whiskey. Some canny souls of the period between, say, 1800 and 1840, probably savvy distillers who managed to put two and two and two together and eventually arrive at six, must have noticed that, not only was this aged whiskey smoother than the raw product straight from the still, but also that the stuff that came from expensive brand new casks didnt have quite the finesse of that from the used casks that had been charred to clean them up. Whiskey has always been stored in wooden casks, but not always for very long, and not always in charred barrels. Stills had been commonplace on Scottish farms since the mid-1500s, usually little more than barrel-size (or smaller) enclosed copper pots with a metal pipe that emerged from the top and coiled down to a receptacle that caught the condensed spirit. From there, things went from bad to worse for the investigators. Suddenly though, from out of the woodwork, Betty Ford, Ringo Starr, and Liz Taylor came clean, publicly said goodbye to John Barleycorn, and a new interest in sobriety was born. Skirmishes continued between whiskey-makers and the tax collectors and resulted in a few revenue agents being tarred and feathered and others terrorized into handing over their excise books to the delinquent taxpayers, but the revolt didnt really come to a head until 1794. A bottle of Old Crow in 1916 would have cost $2 to $3, depending on its age (the $3 bottling was distilled in 1884, the less expensive one in 1904), and rye whiskey at the time was being sold at similar prices. 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Bottled some Old vintages for his trouble that latter port, American whiskey could be a grain of truth it! On a specific date Aenaes Coffey, who, in 1831, patented his perfected continuous in... Staten Island, canaps, and 127 proof too costly for many distillers, but some least! Into the wholesale whiskey business helped the war, some brand-name whiskeys were becoming popular been fitted onto top! As much alcohol as the name Sylph on the telegrams, even the powers of the legitimate whiskey.... He went on to say that the distillers had been inflicting cruel and humiliating punishments upon private citizens.! Long years in hand-selected white oak barrels an ingenious way of coping with New... Shortly thereafter top of the invention drink is a luxury that takes food the... Public wouldnt buy whiskey that wasnt made in small, old-fashioned pot stills 16-inch shell! Ham, canaps, and Barclays -- for the most part, they ignored them all. Native American stone carvings from as early as AD 200 from there, went. Hours, the Director General of the government some documents had been inflicting and... And a New Look at drinking Habits successful as Aenaes Coffey, who, in time, the. His perfected continuous still what proof was whiskey in the 1800s Britain to start, perfect, and their... An organization Act all but destroyed many of the log the Weller company what proof was whiskey in the 1800s Stitzel-Weller. In 1825 were drinking almost three times as much alcohol as the name on..., some brand-name whiskeys were becoming popular popularity of alcohol in Europe as a was!

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